| While constructing the theoretical system of scientific socialism, Marxist classical writers also gave a detailed illustration of such issues as intellectuals'class attribute, status and role. According to Marx and Engels, intellectual belongs to a historical concept and is the inevitable outcome of the development of human society. In their works, they explicated systematically the issue of intellectuals'class attribute. From the perspective of materialism, they employed the source of income and economic status as a standard to divide class, which means that the division of class attribute is based solely on people's economic status -- the possession and the exploitation of the means of production. By applying this division, Marx and Engels drew some objective and true conclusions. In their eyes, scientific knowledge is the decisive force pushing history forward, in other words, knowledge of science and technology are primary productive forces. However, the most critical factor in developing productive forces is human beings. Intellectuals play a key role in society and the development of productive forces depends largely on intellectuals. With the proposal of the basic theory of intellectual and its application to social practice, Marx and Engels pointed out that a team of real Marxist intellectuals in a large quantity must be set up in proletariat's competition for leadership and construction of a republic. We, with determination to overcome the tendency to reject intellectuals, should give intellectuals an objective and practical analysis and pay more attention to their actual behavior, no matter what background they have and how complicated their social relations are. To those intellectuals who come over from Capitalist society, policies of union and education should be both exerted to cultivate them. Methods of buying over old society intellectuals and intimidating them into service for us can also be used out of absolute necessity. These measures are consistent with objective reality and they embody the principle of all proceeding from actual conditions and the principle of a concrete analysis of concrete problems. They are in line with dialectic thinking and play a fundamental role. However, these measures are incomplete, unsystematic and in disorder according to Marx and Engels'intellectual theory. It can be said that they merely put forward some initial theories of intellectual. For example, they made a deep analysis of the intellectual class attribute and thought most of intellectuals belong to Proletariat while they contributed few discussions about how to win actively over the proletarian intellectuals– Communist Party.Lenin inherited Marx and Engels'basic theory on intellectuals, which is the precious spiritual wealth left for us, and paid more attention to the role of intellectuals. He believes that if there were no progressive intellectuals to participate in the revolution, the proletariat would not have produced a scientific theory, and they would not be able to construct an advanced party. Furthermore, the Marxist theory won't be thoroughly understood and used by the workers and peasants, and it could not mobilize the enthusiasm of the working class and enhance their ideological consciousness. To build communism, working people must master science and technology. Workers only to master the latest science and technology, can they truly become the pioneers of the productive force and create great wealth. As for the proletarian party policy on intellectuals, Lenin has made groundbreaking contributions to the history by forming a systematic theory. However, because of the constraints from the conditions of the times, Lenin's policy toward intellectuals inevitably has historical limitations. It confused the class nature and political affiliations of intellectuals. The intellectuals are identified as bourgeois or petty-bourgeois intellectuals, and given undue political treatment, thus, some of those who joined the revolution were hurt .In the process of leading the Chinese revolution, construction and reformation, the Chinese Communist Party's intellectual class property division policy has experienced the following process: the bourgeois intellectuals→the working people's intellectuals,→the proletariat intellectuals. The Chinese Communist Party attaches great importance to the status and role of intellectuals. In the treatment of intellectuals, our party has many successful experiences, but it also experienced setbacks and mistakes, left us deep lessons."Science and technology are primary productive forces."this is something Marx, Engels and Lenin had never said. Since reform and opening up, respecting knowledge and respecting talent has become a common culture in China.By full implementation of Deng Xiaoping's theory of intellectuals, Jiang Zemin proposed the "Four Respects", and fully implemented the "Technology and Education" strategy and "Talent" strategy. Today, with the rapid development of knowledge-based economy, President Hu Jintao put forward the ideas of"Creative Talents". This is the inheritance and development of the Marxist theory of intellectuals. This plays a positive role in doing a good work about contemporary intellectuals, and helps to promote the whole society to respect knowledge and respect intellectuals, and lead intellectuals to use their knowledge and intellects to work for the socialist reform and opening up and the construction of modernization. |
