Study On Theory And Practice Of Equalization Of Land Ownership

Land, one of inseparable essentials for people's living, is regarded as the core of political, economic and social issues. Whether it can be utilizedd properly or distributed equitably has great effects on people's lives, social progress and the prosperity of the country directly and indirectly. Land distribution is fundamental and acts as the prerequisite of land utilization. Therefore, if the land ownership is not malapportioned, resulting in uneven fortune in the society, a series of social problems will be following one by one. From the perspective of history, in ancient agricultural China, everyone realized the importance of land, with land system being the principal axis of all systems, so that our ancient political thinkers believed that "land is the root of politics". The establishment of feudal, private ownership of land resulted in land annexation and tenancy, with the poor "being the tenants of the rich and paying a tax of five tenths", and the rich reaping without sowing, so the uneven distribution of land became the root of social upheaval in past dynasties. Up to modern times, land matter is still important, being the first signs of the renovation and development of each age, and land has been put at the first place, whether after the founding of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China or at the very beginning of reform and opening to the outside world. From a realistic angle, our country is at the period of social transformation, and social justice is more and more extrusive. Equitable land ownership is an important field for achieving social justice, especially imperial in solving land venture, and land price rising suddenly and sharply, and actualizing Home Ownership Scheme. It is necessary for our country to find out a feasible land system with Chinese characterization, which ensures the actualization of social justice, after examining the situation, reflecting land policy and setting up corresponding laws and codes."Equalization of land ownership" thought was put forward by Sun yat-sen more than 100 years ago. Mr. Sun experienced the seriousness of unequitable land distribution deeply and found the importance of preventing unequal land ownership from the gap between the rich and the poor. After absorbing China's traditional thoughts of "The Nine-square Field System", "Equaling Land" and public-owned land ownership of western countries, he set forth his own "equalization of land ownership". In SunYat-sen's opinion, we humans gain all our living necessities through the utilization of land. Originally being a natural gift, land resources should be shared by all. Only if land resources are not occupied by the few will the lives of the majority not be extracted. Equality of land right is indispensible to equality of life. Sun' equalization of landownership thought is based on two purposes. From the aspect of land use for urban development, it is to curb land speculation and monopoly, to ban individuals reaping rich profits without sowing, to have price increases to the public, to enhance the planned use of urban land, city construction development and prosperity. From the aspect of rural land use, it is to eradicate completely the annexation of land, to make farmers have their own land, so that landlords can not resort to land as a means for exploiting peasants. Therefore, the pith of the thought is to have all the nationals share the profit land, "civilized welfare equally for all citizens", "land profit shared by all", in the meanwhile, to improve the efficiency of land utilization. For this purpose, SunYat-sen put forward the measures for the implementation of the equalization of landownership, the four outlines of which are:regulating land value, collecting taxes according to the value, purchasing according to the value, markup value to the public and some other measures such as "system of equaling ownership", "the cultivators having their own farmland".Though the carrying out of the thought failed in his year,for 100 years, it has produced tremendous impact all through china. In Old China, New Mainland China and Taiwan, CPC and KMT have practiced and developed the thought, each in their own ways. Glorious achievements have been gained, which have pushed forward the process of democratic revolution and promoted the progress of the whole society. SunYat-sen's equalization of landownership thought was raised, to a large extent, with the intention of preventing the possible unfair distribution of land at a time of when economic development and prosperity would meet their way in the future. Chinese Communists being faithful successors of the revolutionary cause pioneered by SunYat-sen, socialist society should be a fairer and more just society than ever before. Mainland China is currently at the stage of economic prosperity and fast development with its society in transition, a period of strategic opportunities which require that we focus on economic construction and efficiency. At the same time, emphasis should be laid on the issues of people's livelihood related to the fair distribution of land, on the security of the realization of the citizens'land right in the public ownership of land, so that all the people can share the fruits of reform and development, thus promoting social harmony. Consequently, with average land ownership thought becoming increasingly important, it is of essential significance to further develop and sublime the thought.Theoretically, more research has been done on equalization of landownership in Taiwan, while the study of its practices is literally confined within this area, to say nothing of the summing-up of both the theory and practice on either side of the Strait. The land reform and relevant systems in Mainland China fail to take "equalization of landownership" as their explicit slogan, though the principle of it has been carried on implicitly. Subsequently, exclusive research of equalization of landownership is rare, while indirect involvement of it is carried out along with the study of land reform and relevant systems, which may need further repartition and analysis. There is also scarce research on how to implement the ideal of "equalization of landownership" in peacetime in land systems and relevant management, due to excessive concerns over political revolution; meanwhile, little work has been done for the question of "equalization of landownership" of urban land use, compared with more of that on farmland use policy that "farmers possess their own land", and on the whole, there is absence of a systematic analysis and study on the theory and practice of "equalization of land ownership"Any social phenomenon can not sever the historical ties to predict the future. This paper will make a review of average land right in the context of historical ties and changes, study systematically the theoretical origin of the thought and content system from the angle of the distribution and use of land ownership in historical method. Also it will clear up the historical ties and thread in the process of its development as well as its practice, delve into the idea that land belongs to the people, seek for the principles and norms that are beneficial and instructive at present and in the future. At the same time, the paper is devoted to reaching a more thorough, more clear understanding as well as a more systematic, integrated and innovative awareness of the thought, to summarizing the lessons learned and tenors, so that it can provide references and revelations for the basic value and basic theoretical study on land allocation and utilization in mainland China, for the reduction of land speculation and the realization of land share and land fair, for the development of land management and the building up of harmonious society in a transitional period.Through the study of the theory of equalization of landownership and its practice in this paper, we believe that all the nationals have the right to enjoy land resources and that the equalization of landownership is the embodiment of system justice. In building a harmonious society today, average landownership thought should be taken up with different options between systems and policy measures with regard to the fulfillment of average landownership. in the meanwhile,we should distinguish between the land used as the function of subsistence security and that as the function of means of production to achieve fair distribution of average landownership thought based respectively on land material and land benefit. With land right as the core of average land ownership, it is essential to regulate and differentiate between national land public powers and individual civil land rights, so that respective roles can be played in safeguarding land security and sharing the land profit and using land to create social wealth. People of different generations have equal right to share land resources and. The full meaning of average land ownership should contain average land rights within and between generations. In concrete practice in the countryside with rural land still providing the basic subsistence for farmers'social security, we should adhere mainly to the contract system for fair distribution of land and secondly to the voluntary land transfer in accordance with local conditions, so as to avoid the damage to peasants' livelihood security owing to the allocation under free market competition. In cities and towns, the market oriented land for construction should be left to market force without serving as the function of subsistence security, at the same time; land tax should be intensified to curb land speculation and huge profits with the intention of sharing land profits by all the people. With housing problem fundamentally lying in land right, so as an important livelihood issues, home ownership is just the proper meaning in average landownership thought and government should shoulder the responsibility to strengthen construction of economic and suitable houses and low-rent houses with the purpose that all nationals share housing land right and have their own house.The five chapters are as follows in detail:Chapterl. Sun advanced the thought in line with the assimilation of the Sino-west land thought and in combination with the land reality in China at that time. This chapter studies ideological and theoretical origin and socio-economic background of "Equalization of land ownership" thought Chapter2. "Equalization of land ownership" thought has its own process of emergence, development and completion. This chapter researches on the formation and development of Sun's "Equalization of land ownership" thought as well as its specific content; Chapter3. After Sun's thought, KMT and GCD have made much progress in developing the thought, each taking its own rode. This chapter discussions on the practice of the thought; Chapter4. With the thought and its practice systematically collated and studied, it is inevitable to summarize and develop it. This chapter summeries and develops "Equalization of land ownership" thought; Chapter5. The systematic research, summery and development of land right is ultimately for the purpose of searching for the lessons from the average land ownership under the new circumstances. This chapter explorats into the lessons learned from average land ownership for land management.