Research On Japanese Tennoism

Tennoism is not only one of the core elements of Japanese political culture, but also the special carrier of Japanese political cultural tradition. It is also the important component of Japanese culture soft power. It has the non-substitutable political functions and cultural functions for Japan. In-depth study Tennoism is one of the major keys to recognize and understand Japan. The research on the Japanese Tennoism is weak in china. So far, most of the researches are from view point of history and critique. The research methods and perspectives are relatively singular. The dissertation tries to surpass the single point of research on tennoism which are adopted in Chinese academic circles. We try to get the new understanding of Tennoism by the analysis to"Comprehensive text", especially the methods of analysis of historical documents and the basic political theory of Marxism. We discuss Tennoism in multi-dimensions according the vertical history dimension, the horizontal comparison dimension and the Political culture dimension.Research ideas of the dissertation include five parts. First of all, it studies institutionalchange of Tennoism in the vertical history dimension. Secondly, it researches the theory and the institutional characteristics of Tennoism in the horizontal comparison dimension. The third, it analyzes Tennoism furtherly in the Political culture dimension. The fourth, it studies and analyzes the cognitive on Tennoism of Janpanese. Finally, it analyzes Tennoism comprehensively.We consider that Tennoism is a concept of unity of time and connotation by studying Tennoism in the vertical history dimension. As a historical concept, Tennoism includes three time segments and four connotations. The three time segments are ancient times, modern times and postwar period. Four connotations are ancient totalitarian Tennoism, ancient symbolic Tennoism, modern constitutional monarchy centralization Tennoism, and postwar constitutional monarchy symbolic Tennoism .The ancient Tennoism after Taika Reform is the Chinese emperor-style Tennoism. With the emergence of the regency system,the Insei system,the Samurai system ,ancient Tennoism evolves gradually the european pope-style symbolic Tennoism. After Meiji Restoration the Tennoism evolves the constitutional monarchy of modern Germany -style centralization Tennoism. After the Second War, it becomes the constitutional monarchy of British-style symbolic Tennoism.We research the Japanese Tennoism in the comparison dimension. The theoretical characteristics of Tennoism include: the obvious foreign influence on theory formation, deep inherent contradiction and outstanding nationality on theory content. Comparing with the Chinese emperor–style, the theory of Japanese Tennoism lacks"revolution of changing family name"thought. Comparing with the Europe monarchy, the theory of Japanese Tennoism emphasizes integration of the church and the state, but the theory of western European Christian country more emphasizess eparation of the church and the state. The dualistic politics is the most important characteristics of the system of Tennoism. The meaning of dualistic politics is that Tennoism works with long-term stability in the system of the dualistic politics which keeping separation of authority and power. The causes of the formation of the dualistic politics characteristics are discussed. Firstly, from the view point of existing characteristics of Tennoism, Mikado that all of them are from the same family is a spirit authority not a political authority in the Tennoism. This is the main reason for the formation of the dualistic politics characteristics. Secondly, from the aspect of the leaders of political power in Japan political practice, the concepts, political conventions and institutional arrangements of the groups that consist of Shogun and Samurai in Japanese history and political elites after Merji Restoration are the important reasons for the formation of the dualistic politics characteristics as well. The dualistic politics characteristic of Tennoism brings the far-reaching and multifaceted impacts upon Japanese politics. The impacting significantly on Japanese politics is the formation of conservatism political tradition with Japanese characteristics. If we think that Christian faith in western Europe society leads to the power system of separation of the church and the state which expedites the western liberalism, we can consider that the dualistic politics of Tennoism drives the Japanese society towards to an almost opposite direction.(or called the other direction)---conservatism. There is a logic relationship among them. Mikado-worship---dualistic politics of Tennoism---political conservatism. The Japanese conservatism means that the historical change of Japanese society is relatively smooth, not sharp.We discuss the Japanese Tennoism in the political culture dimension. Tennoism is not only one of core elements of political cultural but also the especial carrier of political cultural tradition. If the western political culture tradition is called liberalism, Japanese political tradition is named nationalism or state nationalism. The meaning of western liberalism that we say is the concept of country function which put individual above country between country and individual, but the meaning of Japanese nationalism is the concept of country function which put country above individual between country and individual. It includes three aspects. Firstly, it forms during Meiji Period. Secondly, its core is that put national rights above civil rights, faith to mikado and country. Thirdly, its character is ultra nationalism—a national egoism which is based on utilitarianism. Tennoism is the integrating force of forming nationalism of political cultural tradition.We make some conclusions by studying Japanese cognitive attitudes to Tennoism. There are three attitudes towards Tennoism among Japanese approximately. Some Japanese affirm Tennoism, some Japanese negate it. Some Japanese think Tennoism should be reform. Among them, holding positive attitudes towards Tennoism is the absolute main sound. Furthermore, Tennoism control Japanese spirit invisibly。Finally, by analyzing Tennoism comprehensively, Generally speaking, We believe that Tennoism is the political temple in Japanese society; mikado is the God in the temple. The temple (Tennoism) does not change though the God (Mikado) changes from generation to generation. As long as the temple exists, the blood lineage does not change; who is Mikado is inessential, and even the gender. As the most important political resource, Tennoism is fully used by Japanese politician of past dynasties. Tennoism is the important component of Japanese culture soft power. It has the non-substitutable political functions and cultural functions. To be specific, firstly, the political function of Tennoism mainly presented as religious function and alleviating social contradiction function. Secondly, the cultural functions of Tennoism mainly show the culture locked function through the existing of"cocoon type culture". The culture locked function of Tennoism is the important cause of forming Japanese culture characteristics which lack the rationality of value, while the rationality of ends is dominant. At the same time, the culture locked function of Tennoism makes Japanese culture lack subjectivity. Japanese does not transcend Magic curse of Tennoism. Thirdly, Tennoism and Japanese militarism are traced to the same origin. Tennoism is the origin of Japanese militarism; Japanese militarism is the development of Tennoism. Fourthly, postwar symbolic Tennoism is the historical freak which comes out of special historical condition. USA occupation army authority that making the freak comes out takes utilitarianism appeasement policy to Japan for anticommunism ideology and America's benefits. This reduces the justice principle of Tokyo Trial to a discount. The appeasement policy to Mikado and Tennoism of America leaves behind huge Political consequences. Fifthly, because Japanese is placed in the authoritarianism political formation for a long term, the concept of Tennoism obviously has authoritarianism character and Tennoism has already been unconscious existence. Therefore, Tennoism is bound to control and dominate the conception of Japanese tennoism in spirit. It can be foreseen that Tennoism will exist for a long time in the future. Sixthly, through trace back to historical orbit of the development and change of Tennoism, the evolution course of Tennoism is a metempsychosis course: totalitarian—symbolic—centralization—symbolic. If according to the devolping logic of Japanese political history, Tennoism will develop new centralization Tennoism. Though it seems almost impossible at present, the historical experiences tell us that careful followup should be done. Finally, we think that if from the perspective of the real democracy and advancement of human historical development, Tennoism is a kind of monarchy. Regardless of Mikado's status in the Constitution, there in no doubt that hereditary monarchy should be totally rejected.