| Chinese dynasty in their own civilized system, a closed circular to rely on a strong historical inertia, which has been developing for thousands of years. until the mid-nineteenth century, this traditional rule began to passive exposure to the outside world. Having gone through blood and fire, after the lesson, this super-stable system has been opened a series gap. Arrogant which "Hua Yi Zhi Bian" and "heavenly nation," eventually crushed by Western gunboats. Advanced Chinese try their best to find the prescription for country and people running the country, they finally understand the reason behind the state not only is less competent technology, more importantly, the backwardness of the country's political system. In a gradual upsurge in the constitutional voice, The political parties finally ended up in China's political arena.Engels in 1883 of the "Communist Manifesto" re-publication of the German preface rightly pointed out:"Every historical era of economic production and the resulting social structure inevitably, is the era of the history of political and spiritual basis for. " Along those lines, this paper analyzes the production conditions of the early Republican party politics, you must first end of the Qing's economic, social changes departure, can only see the production conditions of the early Republican party politics.Kangxi and Qianlong of China's feudal system of the last glow of twilight. Since then, Chinese capitalism in the West face of the growing quickly embarked on the history of downhill. In 1840, the guns are silenced so that the old national subjugation and genocide of the Chinese nation is facing great danger. The landlord class, the peasant class, the bourgeoisie have mounted the stage of history the way out of China has made arduous explorations. The rise of China's national capitalist industry and the initial development of direct birth of the bourgeoisie, in order to fission into a driving force in Chinese society, resulting in significant changes occurred in Chinese society. State power in the Qing government showed a serious crisis, a variety of new ideas, theories, and splendor. The early Republican party politics is in rapid social changes, the late Qing political authority declining national crisis of unprecedented magnitude of the objective situation, drawing on ideas of Western political parties, the emergence of a political reality.The production of the political party in end of the Qing has its own special historical conditions, which is different from the British political parties,and the Japanese political parties. British political party has gone through a long development process, which is rooted in social pluralism, the class system, civil society, faith in the rule of law, witnessed the experience of representative institutions, spiritual authority and the separation of secular authority as well as adherence to individualism. These different nature of the feudal nobility, church, imperial, social struggle between the creation and growth of a political party not only provide the space and time, and its separation of powers, freedom, equality, rationality and cultural pluralism as a political party provides a growth soil. Japan's political parties and the emergence of China has its own in common, are imported from the West, but the burden of Japan's traditional culture is much smallerthan China's, its elites play an important role in the process of social transformation.They believe "total Westernization", so Japan rapidly achieved its own transformation and walked into the world powers, but they embarked on this path of fascism which is enough to arouse our vigilance. Chinese political party is used as a powerful tool to use, and in the development process, the symptoms which "inability to adapt" is very clear. This difference makes the Chinese party politics show a lot of its own characteristics.In accordance with the early Republican party ideas and behavior, can be divided into two political parties in Early Chinese revolutionary political parties and constitutional political parties. Mr. Sun Yat-sen and Liang early Republican party politics have made their different answers. Sun Yat-sen that only an end to the Qing dynasty, the autocratic monarchy in order to establish in China a modern constitutional system of the country, so he chose the revolutionary road; while with Kang Yu-wei, Liang Chi-chao, represented by reformers in China, wants the creation of constitutional monarchy, so has chosen the improvement of the road. Although the two major political parties of different political views, but in the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty in cross-echoes is, objectively speaking, co-led wave of social end of the Qing. They put forward parliaments, political parties, national political and ideological relationship between the time not only played an important role, but also for today's party politics is still an important inspiration. In the long run, these two forces in China's social progress, there will be a long time, compete with each other, complement each other and jointly promote China's social development, which will no doubt hope for the Chinese nation.The early Republican political parties on the political scene engaged in a fierce struggle, which include the Northern Alliance warlords and Yuan Shikai between the constitutional monarchy or a democratic republic, its capitalcapital in Nanjing or Beijing, presidential or cabinet system, supreme or the Cabinet political parties in the Cabinet struggle. This struggle a direct threat to the throne of the power of Yuan Shikai, Yuan has introduced military and police force, threat and assassination means victory. Second revolution failed, Yuan stepped up to the devastation and destruction of Congress in the use of various illegal means to winning the presidency downstream power and position, he has in the drafting of a constitution to form the fierce confrontation with the Congress, the last to force the dissolution of the KMT, led to Parliament democracy a major setback.Yuan Shikai's reign, Parliament was dissolved, but the political parties fighting for their rights struggle is not over. As the Yuan imperial ambitions from the gradual exposure of the various parties to bring together gradually. Progress in the struggle against Yuan revolutionaries is the leader and organizer, Europe, something the study of war, protect the country is gradually becoming the main force in China is to protect the country's Revolutionary Party, an important force in the war. Protect the country after the victory of the war, Congress re-opened. All parties to "department", "would" in the name continues to expand in the Congress of decentralization and centralization of power, war or not, the fierce struggle, and once again, unfortunately, become a "struggle between the government hospital," sacrificial lambs. Progress partisan attachment feudal warlords, it is proposed to convene a new parliament, but was defeated and the subsequent loss of Anfu Department of their status. Anfu tied perverse act of Congress, and finally to Congress, the status of political parties in people's hearts plummeted.The early Republican political parties are many reasons for the failure. In a sense, the early Republican party politics, the failure does not mean the failure of party politics in itself, but because we have not been able to establish an effective party politics, party politics in this experiment because of the mandatory role of the external forces have been premature termination. Inside are many reasons for this:China is neither the lack of Western society a strong economic base of capitalism and class-based, but also a lack of the masses based on this reality led to political parties seriously divorced from the masses of the people in the face of a powerful feudal When forces of isolation; the early Republican party not only because of self-construction has seriously lagged behind in the struggle exhausted its own strength has been the feudal warlords of the beat, but also because of military interference in politics which lead to political fragility and repeated. In this paper, based on the above-mentioned views, proposed three new perspectives:one is to analyze the spirit of the contractual relationship with the early Republican party politics; the second is the failure of the political parties choose the role of party politics. The third type of conversion from the state complexity and the importance of strong and powerful country, discussed the state and the early Republican party politics in the internal conflicts and contradictions. This is from a cultural level, spiritual, institutional levels deep study. These three areas have long been ignored by scholars of the Republic of research, but it is implicit rather than explicit, leading to the failure of the Republican party politics is extremely important.Contract spirit is the essence of Western civilization, while China is fraught with contingency thinking, neglect, neglect and discrimination against the spirit of contract, resulting in a credit relationship between government and opposition circles in China's large-scale, deep-seated necrosis, which is both an expression of administrative power in, but also in early Republican political parties.This has led to the Constitution, laws exist in name only and do nothing.Essence of the Constitution is the people and the Government of a contract, it is the political criteria, but the Constitution in the hearts of the Chinese people has always been used as a means to use, because we think it has a convenient and powerful tool for practical value the role of this importantthe difference between the way the West has led to party politics in China suffered twists and turns that it did not have a destiny.In addition, the quality of Chinese political figures for high expectations, lack of a spirit of compromise is no doubt one of the reasons of party politics setbacks.Political activities regime choice is an extremely important part. Archon Solon of ancient Greece famous special emphasis on the importance of a good system of government:"the evil system of government will be set among the city-state in the disaster, while the goodness of all well-ordered system of government but can be bad guys to justice. goodness form of government will resolve the conflict and abide by the middle, gentleness thrift to curb the outbreak of disorder. Good governance will tell the merits, Congjian such as flow, to avoid differentiation, the end of round disputes. orderly and good governance is the wisdom of ages of this. "Western political activity from the theory and practice of observation, regime choice has always been an extremely important issue, however, the early Republican party politics on this issue in the lack of scientific research and attention to the choice of the regime of repeated mistakes, again and again there(?)s "government hospital battle," and ultimately losing the vitality of the early Republican party politics.How to handle correctly the relationship between the country's construction and the early Republican party politics, affected the success or failure of the early Republican party politics, another key issue. China saddled with more than 2,000 years of feudal autocratic tradition, from the Empire State to the nation-state transition in the process of reeling. The Republic of China after the establishment of nation-building undone, party politics and nation-building is often difficult to reconcile the contradictions. The early Republican party politics, it is necessary to oppose Yuan and Qing dynasties such as the restoration of the feudal forces and the country's attempt to face the challenges of the modern nation-building, which it is often powerless. In the grim situation at home and abroad, political parties are not able to withstand the pressure of such a double and eventually defeat, but also has its historical inevitability.The early Republican party politics is a parliamentary democracy with Chinese feudal forces in a desperate contest, which runs through the centralism and the struggle between political liberalism. To the Northern warlord Yuan Shikai as the representative to rely on police violence in support, vigorously to combat and reduce political participation, local self-government, freedom of expression and other people's hard-won fight for the right to the end to party politics forced on the road to ruin, while he has also embarked on a restoration history of regression of no return. This is a democratic freedom and the tragic history of feudal autocracy die. "Cambridge History of the Republic of China," has brilliantly concluded:"It was an early two failed political experiment-the liberal political and authoritarian regimes, it seems that with each other in their mutual struggle against annihilation."The history of the early Republican party politics pillar stands in the 20th century into the door, when we touch this part of history when the pillar could not help but have a profound historical insights. The early Republican party politics, political development indicates that China started on the road has never been a major historical transformation. Democratic Republic of the concept has gained recognition seek to use to replace the constitutional order or chaos is characterized by cycles and winner takes all, dynastic politics and hegemonic politics has become in China since the late nineteenth century has been the most lasting and unsuccessful political pursuit, running 2000 years of dynastic history, China has finally entered the museum. History teaches us that we should civil society and political parties together, civil society, political parties Naishi the "root"; efforts to strengthen the constitutional construction, constitutional state Naishi party politics, the "shell." There is no protection of constitutional government, civil society, nourished, party politics can not be successful. |
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