| In practical life, politics often appears as some kinds of political system. The so-called political system is that a certain political role formed political relative structure surrounded political power in practical politic life, is a political unit interacted with environment. Minority nationalities" political system is a political system based, firmed and divided from their national society. It is a form of the existence of minority nationalities'politics, and the basic structure of their political life. It focuses on the characters and appearance of minority nationalities' political life, restricts the running and development of minority nationalities' politics, and also have deep influences on the political development level of the whole state.There are many nationalities in our country. In the history, each minority nationality forms her political system with her characteristics in the course of formation and development. Among them, a few nationalities set up state political system, majority nationalities set up non-state village political systems depending on village community. Since recent modern, each different minority nationality's traditional political system is integrated into the course of the construction of national state. With the progress, the political power, role and relationship of traditional minority nationality's political system have been changed completely to modernization. But because of the influences of historical development, national culture, complexity and particularity of national economy and society, rich minority nationalities'village political systems with national characteristics have still existed in extensive minority nationalities' society, and have become a very important indispensible part of the whole state political systems. It not only influences and restricts the development of minority nationalities'village politics and society, but also influences Chinese village politics and the construction of national state. Especially in the period of social shift since reformation and opening to the world, the construction of democratic politics has been the kernel aim and main task of the construction of national state, naturally local village politics of minority nationality becomes its organic compositions. But because of the influences of the winding of historical shift, diversity of traditional culture, hysteretic nature of social economic development, and natural ecological environment located and the particularity of social ecological environment, the course of the construction of democratic politics of minority nationalities not only presents many particularities but also expresses popular hysteresis quality. This influences deeply and restricts seriously not only the development of democratic politics and social economy of minority nationalities' village, but also the construction of state democratic politics.The paper constructs the analytical framework of a crises-cross through integrating the nation-state building and constructing theory of national politics with the concept of national political systems. Based on the analytical framework, draws lessons and applies the concrete field survey methods such as "participant observation", "interview", "questionnaire" in sociology and ethnology, the paper takes Wa village political system in Changyuan Wa autonomous county of Yunnan Province as a case in the sight of comprehensive, three-dimensional and dynamic unique perspective, tries to describe the changes and development of political power, political role, political relationship and political culture of the Wa village in the course of nation-state building since modern time, to explore the objective course, motive mechanism, restricting factors and characters of pattern change and discipline which changes from tradition to modernization, to master the skeleton and way of the development of Wa village politics to strengthen the reasonable consciousness of pushing minority nationality village politics forward to modernization.To have a clear understanding for historical starting basis and point of the change and development of political system in modern, chapter one inspects the evolution of the traditional political system of Wa in Changyuan county in early modern. The evolution results in original spread heterogeneous independent three traditional political systems. So firstly this chapter describes and discusses the social base, power structure and power relationship of the three traditional political systems that are Banhong tribe king system, tribe chief system of the Wa under Mengjiaodong Dai Tusi system and Yanshuai tribe chief system. On the basis, the chapter focuses on modern evolution of the three traditional political systems taken place in late 30'sto 40's in 20th century. With the invasion of the British invaders in thirties of 20th century and state political system sinking and penetrating into minority nationality village, the three traditional political systems of the Wa in Changyuan began to be brought into the course of nation-state building, its power quality,power structure and power relationship all take place some changes of modernization. But because of finiteness of the penetrating capacity of the state political system and the steadiness of social base of the traditional Wa village political system in Changyuan, which has obvious evolution, diversity and duality. Till the end of forties in 20th century, village-based, decentralized, heterogeneous and pluralistic political system still dominated rural society. State power did not achieve the political integration of the traditional political system.The establishment of the People's Republic of China marks the establishment of nation-state in China. In order to realize the country's political unity, political integration and public recognition to new-birth state power, state power began a process of nation state building. Chapter two inspects the construction of new model Wa village political system in Changyuan from the establishment of People's Republic of China to 1958. when new state political system sank into the Wa community in Changyuan, three obstacles appeared, that is the economic foundation, political basis and mass basis. This situation determined state political system must take special and practical methods and procedures in the process of building a new political village system. After a series of easing, gradual progress, circuitous policy suitable for social reality of the Wa in Changyuan and the policy of "direct transition" till 1958,new state power eliminated the political and social foundation which the Wa traditional political system depended on, set up local government such as district government, town government in the Wa villages and realized state power all in one tentatively, achieved the recognition of extensive mass of the Wa to new state political system have made great progress in nation-state building in the Wa village.But the construction of the Wa village political system all in one made by state power at the beginning of the foundation of the state is preliminary. In order to strengthen and consolidate the penetration and control of state power to the Wa village and deepen the recognition of the Wa to the state, the state power carried out the special way of the people's commune system. Chapter three discuss the power structure, power relations and their social functions of the Wa village political system under the people's commune system. The Wa village political system under the people's commune system reflected the features that politics and society united tightly. In the system, the state power penetrated into the Wa village community unprecedentedly and forcefully and realized the comprehensive rigid conformity with social economy, politics and culture in the Wa village, and made the state power unite the Wa village community at unprecedented degree, at the same time, made the Wa people recognize the state at unprecedented degree. However, this kind of rigid conformity led by the will of the state power is external force which is separated from the actual needs of the Wa village community, so it has gone into predicament and discarded finally because of natural contradictory and weakness lack of inner sustainable motive. So it is not successful that the state power tried to build nation-state by the people's commune system.After the people's commune system has been gotten rid off, the state power restarted to explore the way of nation-state building and innovated the new system that township politics governs village. The system changes the method of the state penetrating and governing village community, remolds the power relationship between the state power and village community, remodels the shape of village political system to form the multi-level and multiplex village political system from town, village to villagers. The new political system has important influences on the development of village local democratic politics and the construction of the whole nation-state, so the paper will discuss the political system in chapter four, chapter five and chapter six.Chapter four taking Banhong town as sample focuses on the power relationship of town political system and the realistic functions to the Wa village community. The research indicated that, through the reformation of carrying out a leader undertaking both leading position of the party and the government, cross-holding an office and reducing organization, the power relationship of town political system has been adjusted some degree, the leading power of the party has been enhanced at some degree, administrative efficiency has been improved and work friction has been reduced. But many systems and mechanisms are not perfect, especially authorizing and supervising mechanism from bottom to upper has not been set up, it causes that the power is concentrated in the party committee and its secretary, the power of town national people's congress is peripherized, the power of town government is divided and the power supervision is lack effectively. The town political system facing to the minority nationality village community has brought leadership, management, service and communication into play, at the same time exists many limits:running the whole show and orders in the leadership function of the town party committee, intervention, omnipotence and deformity in management function of town government, agency and low efficiency in service function of town government, unbalance between strong output and weak input in political communication of town political system.Chapter five taking Fugong village in Banhong town as sample, focuses on the power structure of village political system and inner and outside power relationship. The power relationship inner a village is compose by governance authority of two committees of the village, and non-governance authority of traditional authority (traditional political and religious authority) and old abdicated village cadres. The two kinds of authority form the shape of village power system, among it governance authority occupies the kernel leading position of village public power, non-governance authority plays a assistant role in village public power. At the same time, traditional authority plays leading role in culture depending on traditional cultural resources and religious authority weakens the influences and authority of governance authority at some degree. The relationship of village governance authority outstandingly expresses the relationship of two committees of the village. On one hand, the power structure of a person taking two offices and cross-holding an office after the two linked election of the village party committee and government committee makes village branch of the party gain more public will than past to strengthen the leading position of the village branch of the party, on the other hand, more centralized power structure is formed to hide the danger that "the first man" abuses his power. On the outside relationship between "village governance "and "town politics", the paper examines the double roles of "stewart "and "agent" in the sight of village governance authority. There are trebling relationship between town and villages that is leading and being led, conducting and being conducted, managing and being managed under the system of "town politics village governance". The trebling relationship remodels the double role of the authority of village government. It is not necessary conflict between two roles, the key is if the target of the state's policy is fit for villagers'interest, the influences of pressure system and if it is balance between town and village on the power being allocated.Chapter six studies the political participation and culture of Fugong villagers. After discussing the current situation of main forms, colony distribution and sexual distribution of political participation of the Wa village, the author concludes the characteristics of multiplicity, ambiguity and unbalance and legitimacy of the political participation. On the political culture, the author studies political power orientation, the political input and output orientation, the political approval, the political trust, the game rule, the political ability the political efficiency. The research demonstrates that the Wa villagers recognize and trust the state system highly, approve the output of the state politics, but the attenuated tendency to the input of the state politics is obvious. The weakness and shortage of political cognition ability, political participation ability and political efficiency restricts and binds the go-aheadism and actual effect of their participating widely. So the characteristics of adhering political culture still exists in the Wa villagers' political culture. On one hand, the character makes the Wa villagers not adopt extremely illegal method and activities to express their interest needs easily, on the other hand, it leads to have dependant and following blindly psychology so as to restrict the initiative participation consciousness and behavior seriously. Based on the concrete description and discussion in above each chapter, chapter seven goes back and forecasts the changes and development of the Wa village political system in Changyuan. Firstly the chapter summarizes the four phases and three characteristics of the changes and development. The four phases are early changing phase from traditional political system to modernization (upper half of 20th century), the complete transforming phase which the state power integrated the traditional political system flexibly (1949-1958), rigid integrating phase of the people's commune system by the state power (1958-1984), interactive relationship phase between flexible integrating by the state power and village community (since 1978)。Three characters are gradation, tortuosity and national planning. Secondly the chapter discusses the existing main problems in the development of the village political system from three levels:town political system, village political system and members of a village, and many factors restricting the development of village political system from nature, economy, culture and politics. Finally the author puts forward the target, task and developing way in future of the Wa village political system.Although this research belongs to the case study, and can not summarize the whole panorama of all minority nationalities in China completely, we can still gain the following common cognition:the objective discipline of nation-state building and constructing in our country is the basic foundation of the changes and development of minority nationality village political system in our country; leading plan of the state power is the main motive mechanism for the changes and developments of minority nationality village political system, but the centralization of the state power has impulsion to expand naturally and enhance itself power, and the leading plan of the state power is not suitable for the particular natural social environment of minority nationality, and it can have bad influences on the development of village political system of minority nationality and village community so as to cause the tortuosity and hysteresis of the change and development of the Wa village political system. the developing tendency of minority nationality political system is that the state power must adjust the methods to penetrate and control minority nationality village community to construct and improve new good interactive model of village political system between the state power and minority nationality village community.
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