On Scientific And Technologic Non-governmental Organizations

In the past 20th Century, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been springing up in the world and nearly become a world saying. From international confusions and regional conflictions to neighborhood knottiness and garbage classification in the community, great deals of society-economic issues almost comedown to these social mechanisms------neither the state mechanism and governments northe market mechanisms and enterprises. Among the social mechanism and NGOs, Scientific and Technologic NGOs are major power and play more and more important role in dealing with social problems, promoting scientific and technologic development, and addressing global affairs. Thousands of families are infiltrated by the effect and influence of Scientific and Technologic NGOs. From the angle of cross-subject view, this paper discusses key factors of the emerging and development of western Scientific and Technologic NGOs systematically. And then it analyzes the headstream, actuality, opportunity and challenge of Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs, and attempts to put forward original framework of theory and measure for the development of Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs.Chapter 1 discusses what the definition and conception of Scientific and Technologic NGOs is on the basis of the cognition of general NGOs. It analyzes different conceptions and characteristics of Scientific and Technologic NGOs, and then defecates public's prejudices and misunderstanding of NGOs. Scientific and Technologic NGOshave commonness the same as the general NGO------another major social instrumentparalleling with the state mechanism and the market mechanism. On the one hand, the general characteristic of Scientific and Technologic NGOs include: validity, non-partisanship, commonweal, self-governing, non-governmetal, non-profitable, institutional, volunteering, and so forth. On the other hand, their special characteristics consist of scientific, specialty, penetrability, neutralism, informational, systematic, network and so on. Scientific and Technologic NGOs are strong scientific sustentation and intelligence repertory besides the state system and the market system in the society. In the Scientific and Technologic NGOs'world, it is diverse and colorful. There are many genres that mainly contain: academy, college, institute'for advancement of productivity, association, seminar, research center, foundations, scientific and technologypromulgating groups, poverty elimination organizations, environmentalists' groups, scientific and technologic consultative structures, scientific and technologic servings system, international collaboration groups, and etc. Broadly speaking, there are many genres that also fell in private higher education and private research center running by local people. These different groups activate, respond and satisfy different requirements of the public and become inneglect social power on advancing society-science progress, and resolving social problems.Chapter 2 probes into the problems of why and how Scientific and Technologic NGOs come into being. This chapter surveys the state failure theory and the market failure theory, and then analyzes the emerging reason and process of Scientific and Technologic NGOs. After World War Two, the market mechanism and enterprises, the state mechanism and governments, are two sets of major social tools for resolving developmental problems in contemporary society. During different periods and backgrounds, these systems exert different superiority and functions so that to advance the progress of economy and society. Although these two are essential for social and economic development of human kind, there are limitations of each of them. Most importantly, hitherto, there is no evidence that simply by combining the state with the market, their failures could be completely eliminated with each other. When the human society facing all kinds of challenges and pitfalls, it demands institutional and organizational innovation. The Frankfurt School considers that the progress of science and technology is no more powerful strength to liberate human being as well as what Rationalists thought in the 19th Century, but on the contrary a repressive instrument in the society. Indulgement in Instrument Rationalism is a basic reason of modern social problems. Internal confliction between valuation and instrument ration results in the failures of government and market. In a way the rise of Scientific and Technologic NGOs can restrain the overage of instrument ration and make the return of valuation ration possible.Chapter 3 depicts the whole situation of Scientific and Technologic NGOs in different countries or regions, cross-national Scientific and Technologic NGOs, and international Scientific and Technologic NGOs. It gives several representatives of Scientific and Technologic NGOs in the world, and enhances the cognition and sense of the state of Scientific and Technologic NGOs. This chapter is the foundation of thorough anatomy of internal mechanism and external social function of Scientific andTechnologic NGOs.Chapter 4 elucidates mechanism and administration of Scientific and Technologic NGOs. It systemically expatiates on the Scientific and Technologic NGOs' resource raising mechanism, stragem administration, decision-making system and social supervisation mechanism and cooperation systems, etc. In every case of successful Scientific and Technologic NGOs, there is always a suit of healthy and effectual administration system, perfect collaboration system between government, enterprises and other NGOs as well as intercommunion institution in allusion to the public to resolve social scientific problems.Chapter 5 demonstrates the social effect and function of Scientific and Technologic NGOs. It emphasizes on the following aspects of Scientific and Technologic NGOs' effect: promoting science and technology, furthering people-centered sustainable development, advancing international collaboration and etc. Scientific and Technologic NGOs can offer for the society different scientific servings, such as specialty consultation, suggestion and references for social programming, development stratagem and other important decision-making process. Scientific and Technologic NGOs also provide flat of academy communication and financial support for scientists and engineers, push forward scientific creation mechanism of the country, boost scientific promulgation for the social public, facilitate scientific production or patens to translate to social productivity, popularize the ideal of sustainable development, advance environmental protection, accelerate eliminating poverty program, and drive up international collaboration and communication.Chapter 6 mainly discusses Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs from the point view of its headstream, actuality and problems. At the beginning of the 20th century, modern Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs emerged in succession aiming at eliminating social poverty and sickness by science and technology. These Scientific and Technologic NGOs actively established different academies, research centers, propaganda organizations, scientific popularization and collaboration groups, and so forth. After the foundation of P.R.China, great deals of scientific and technologic organizations come into existence from above to below, such as China Association for Science and Technology and other local special academies. These scientific and technologic organizations are not really NGOs from the point view of western countries. Along with the deepening of China's opening and reform program, some Scientific andtechnologic NGOs have been founded from bottom to above, namely grass root Scientific and Technologic NGOs. Generally speaking, Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs are not grown up yet and there are a number of problems to be addressed such as imperfect law settings, immature morden civilization culture, unhealthy policy environment, lack of social integrate supervisation syatem and insufficient self-governance and etc.Chapter 7 mainly discusses the necessary and possibility of the development of Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs. In China, it is insufficient to promote science and technology merely by the state system and the market system. It is necessary and possible to develop Scientific and Technologic NGOs in China. Chinese opening and reform policy creates advantageous social condition and brings up challenges and opportunities for our Scientific and Technologic NGOs. The public's different demand also supports the resources and conditions for developing Scientific and Technologic NGOs.Chapter 8 mainly put forward measure and theory framework to develop Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs from the angle of exterior circumstances completion and internal self-building. Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs are in a way of more and more standardizational and legalizational in the new era. To push the development of Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs, on the one hand, the government is demanded to perfect legalization for Scientific and Technologic NGOs, build advantageous policy, complete social exterior restriction and interior restriction, establish financial supervisation mechanism, and smooth personnel, employment and welfare policies. On the other hand, Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs themselves should also strengthen capability building and self-governing.To sum up, the dissertation sets up an original systematic theory framework for the development of Scientific and Technologic NGOs. There are several innovative oppinions such as the following:1> The dissertation is a firstly full research work on Scientific and Technologic NGOs at present in China. It definitudes for the first time the conception and characteristics of Scientific and Technologic NGOs so that largely advance the research of Scientific and Technologic NGOs.2> The dissertation systemically discusses the general situation of Scientific and Technologic NGOs ,and analyzes the creation, mechanism , institution and socialfunction of Scientific and Technologic NGGs.3> The dissertation completely explains the headstream, actualities, pitfalls and issues of Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs, comprehensively expatiates the necessary and possibility of the evolution of Scientific and Technologic NGOs in China, and analytically explores its significance to the Chinese social-ecnomic development.4^ The dissertation expresses some original oppinions and propositions about the building up of Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs theoretically and practically. The preceding and initiate study is expected to help Chinese people understand Scientific and Technologic NGOs, and help Chinese Scientific and Technologic NGOs grow healthily and smoothly, so as to promote the reform, opening, and sustainable development in China.