The Research On Evolution Theory And Empirical Analysis Of China Textile Industrial Clusters

The Research on Evolution Theory and Empirical Analysis of China Textile Industrial ClustersAs a result of economic globalization, the importance of regional economy must be weakened. But on the contrary, it depends on clusters development of interdependent enterprises, rivals, knowledge producing organizations and tactful clients to gain the sustaining competition. From the beginning of the twentieth century, spatial clusters phenomena of economic activities have become a focus which is paid attention to by those economists and geographers together.Industrial clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions encircling a leading industry in a particular field. And they can form external economies of scale in regional industry and phenomena of sustaining competitive advantages. Now the researches on industrial clusters mainly concentrate on explaining the mechanism and the motive; analyzing the relationships among industrial clusters and organizational innovation, technical innovation, social capital, competition, economic growth; designing industrial policies based on industrial clusters and demonstrating practice etc. In recent years, it becomes a problem that needs to be solved urgently to how to choose the clustering typology and developmental road which adapt to the situation of a country with many countries in the world increasingly attaching importance to clusters function which promotes native economic development. The evolution of industrial clusters gradually becomes the research keystone and a front problem. There is no systematic understanding and research within the domestic and overseas academia.Textile industry is a traditional industry and the inchoation of the industrial revolution. At the same time it is an important industry of many developed countries including America, Italy, French and a backboned industry of developing countries including Mexico, China, India, Pakistan. It has become the focus on the reform of world trade situation, the integration of industrial structure, the conflict of international relationship. Harvard university center of textile and apparel research (HCTAR) analyzes the experiences and lessons of Italian textile and apparel industry development at Prato and puts forward developmental strategies of American textile and apparel. Japanese textile industry has carried out five important strategic adjustments. Certainly these adjustments are all based on thorough analyses of the textile industry. These analyses include the spatial structures, the industrial arrangements and the international compares. The scholars from South Korea, Hongkong and Taiwan also make the similar research. This includes the textile and apparel market of Dongdamen and the textile industrial district of Daegu in South Korea. China is a big textile country in the world. Textile industry is an important industrial section of native economy and is regarded as the backbone or leading industry by Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong and Fujian province. After China joined WTO, textile industry competes under the market economy system and clusters are more effective organizational forms than single firm. It is quite important for the academia and the enterprise to promote the form and development of textile industrial clusters and improve the level of textile industrial clusters. For this reason, this study aims at elaborating the evolution theory of China textile industrial clusters and designing promoted policies of the evolution on China textile industrial clusters. So it can provide help with the layout and development of China textile industry.In this study, the methods of constructing theoretic models, mathematical models and analyzing cases are employed primarily. Simultaneously the methods of questionnaire investigation and statistical analysis along with comparative analysis are employed secondarily. And the surveying cases are mainly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.The conclusions of this study are as follows:①The clustering format corresponds to a kind of clustering type and is also the basis of clustering evolution which is to say a phase of clustering evolution. The format is a concept of describing the outline and the systematic construction of an object in general. In the case of clustering research, the clustering format corresponds to a kind of cluster which is a phase of clustering evolution. So the basis of clustering evolution is the clustering format and the clustering format is also the evolutive phase. Certainly the evolution of industrial clusters is from a junior format to a senior format.②The formats of China textile industrial clusters can be divided into horizontal clusters, vertical clusters or mixed clusters, innovative clusters or synergetic innovative clusters from a level point of view. These correspond to three evolutive phases of China textile industrial clusters. We compare three formats' difference of China textile industrial clusters from three points of view which are forming cases, main characters and occurring periods, industrial environment, competitive advantages and economic performances. After we choose some indexes to compare, we find that horizontal clusters are junior, vertical clusters or mixed clusters are secondary and innovative clusters or synergetic innovative clusters are senior. This corresponds to the three evolutive phases of China textile industrial clusters.③Natural advantages, demands and external economies of scale are the forming drives of China textile industry horizontal clusters. Historical culture and government behaviors can accelerate the forming of China textile industry horizontal clusters and are the forming conditions. Intense competition and cooperation is the condition of stability and coexistence finally. Natural advantages can induce the important inducement of China textile industry horizontal clusters. But they could not be the key or deciding factor of China textile industrial layout and can explain industrial clusters phenomena about twenty percent. Extensive purposes of textile and apparel that is to say demands stimulate scale expanding impulse of textile and apparel firms and the impulse that new firms enter the industry because of gaining profits in deed. As a result the same firms begin to cluster. It is the important forming drive of China textile industry horizontal clusters. The firms tend to chase the benefit of localization economics, realizing the maximum of profit through minimum of production cost or maximum of market value, which will lead to the formation of cluster of the same textile and apparel firms. The external economies of scale are the primary forming drive of China textile industry horizontal clusters. Historical culture and government behaviors can accelerate the forming of China textile industry horizontal clusters and are the forming conditions. After we construct a model of synergetic theory and work it out, we will find that the product saturation less than 1 of other enterprises in horizontal clusters is the condition of stability and coexistence finally. It implies that intense competition and cooperation is the condition of stability and coexistence.④Big enterprises hatch, transport costs and transaction costs are the drives from China textile industry horizontal clusters to China textile industry vertical clusters or mixed clusters. Bigger output scales of big enterprises and smaller output scales of small enterprises are the condition of stability and coexistence in vertical clusters or mixed clusters finally. Big enterprises hatch is the primary drive from China textile industry horizontal clusters to China textile industry vertical clusters or mixed clusters. This includes two conditions. One is that small and medium enterprises (SME) matching big enterprises follow with big enterprises entering. Hence the complete network resources enter and form. The other is that vertical clusters or mixed clusters gradually appear in China textile industry vertical clusters or mixed clusters with SME growing. Textile and apparel industrial clusters of villages and towns in Jiangsu province are the typical samples. After we construct a model of transport costs, we will find that the lower transport costs are, the more easily vertical clusters are formed. This implies that chasing the economy of transport costs is another drive from China textile industry horizontal clusters to China textile industry vertical clusters or mixed clusters. In addition, chasing the economy of transaction costs is one drive from China textile industry horizontal clusters to China textile industry vertical clusters or mixed clusters. After we construct a model of synergetic theory and work it out again, we will find that Bigger output scales of big enterprises and smaller output scales of small enterprises are the condition of stability and coexistence in vertical clusters or mixed clusters finally. It accords with the characters of vertical clusters or mixed clusters.⑤Encouragement of synergetie innovation, controlled environment, social responsibility and international competition are the drives from China textile industry vertical dusters or mixed dusters to China textile industry synergetic innovative dusters. When effective coefficient of cooperative output is higher, positive encouraging effect is greater, cooperative times are more and revenue factors are higher, China textile industry synergetic innovative dusters win stability and coexistence more easily. When we construct an encouraging model of synergetic innovation, we find that the motive of textile and apparel firms joining synergetic innovative clusters depends on net advantages of synergetic innovation. This shows that synergetic innovative encouragement is the primary drive from China textile industry vertical clusters or mixed clusters to China textile industry synergetic innovative clusters. When the age of the post quota arrives, environmental protection pressures, social responsibility pressures, international competition pressures force Chinese textile and apparel enterprises to reconsider competitive strategies in order to keep sustaining competition. The three pressures are the latent drives on synergetic innovative development of China textile industrial clusters. After we construct and analyze a model of game theory, we will find that higher effective coefficient of cooperative output, greater positive encouraging effect, more cooperative times, higher revenue factors and stronger cooperative behaviors can promote the development of synergetic innovative clusters. China textile industry synergetic innovative clusters win stability and coexistence more easily.⑥The policies of promoting China textile industrial clusters evolution must be emphatic and pertinent. At the seedtime, the emphases of governmental policies concentrate on establishing innovative institutions such as R&D institutions. At the take-off phase which is to say horizontal clusters, the emphases of governmental policies concentrate on helping to widen the market space and demand guidance such as governmental purchases and demand information supplies. At the growing phase which is to say vertical clusters or mixed clusters, the emphases of governmental policies concentrate on promoting integration, helping to establish social agencies and enacting law and contract system. At the mature phase which is to say synergetic innovative clusters, the emphases of governmental policies concentrate on perfecting innovative institutions and promoting cooperations. The strong life force of industrial clusters depends on the sustaining innovations. China textile industrial clusters are the same. In practice we can establish innovative institutions such as colleges, research institutions, training organizations and so on at someplace. Then we make use of innovative results on textile and apparel technology and drive interconnected supporting organizations to form textile and apparel industrial clusters. Or we offer an area around innovative institutions of textile and apparel technology and give preferential policies. So we can encourage the investors of transforming textile and apparel technology to invest and form industrial clusters. Certainly it is suitable to have more abundant educational resources. At the take-off phase which is to say horizontal clusters, the main policies include constructing special textile and apparel markets, wholesale markets, demand information centers and industrial parks of textile and apparel, building trustful and cooperative environments of social culture, horizontal integration and building SME cooperative network and so on. At the growing phase which is to say vertical clusters or mixed clusters, the main policies include encouraging incorporation, cultivating big enterprises, vertical integration, promoting the communication between big enterprises and SME, perfecting law and contract system, setting up social agencies such as textile and apparel associations and so on. At the mature phase which is to say synergetic innovative clusters, the main policies include strengthening cooperative behaviors or increasing the punishment of treacherous behaviors, completing the groundwork and establishments, network integration, upgrading the special markets, cultivating famous brands and completing R&D, design, information, education, human resources and so on.