European Social Model

The academic researches on the European Social Model (ESM) range broad in terms of content, which embodies the commonness and diversity of different types of welfare states and welfare systems in Europe. Meanwhile, the further researches on labor relations and social protection, as the two major fields in scope of ESM, establish solid and reliable support for the study of the capitalism typology with the view of institutional comparison. With extending the structure of a certain social model, housing system could be seen as the foundation of human society and simultaneously verify the academic differences between the social models through researches on such issue. Absorbing and referring the previous researches of the European scholars while combining the researches on housing markets and housing policies under the ESM, the author attempts to adopt the housing issue as the major subject of the application-embedded research and carries on the Juxtapositional analysis in views of positivism, in order to discuss the operational characteristics of the social policy in ESM by considering the commonness and diversity in the framework of different welfare-state models. Furthermore, the rebuilding of China's housing system and the notion of future social model are about to be taken into account in this article with above discussion as the starting point.Three major parts are included in this article, which are introduction, text and conclusion together with reflection.Introduction: This part is mainly about general description of the whole article, which discusses the origin of the topic and also analyses the present situation of domestic and foreign researches. At the same time, it explains the basic value, significance and overall structural arrangement of the article. Besides, research project and methods used are pointed in this part as well.Text: this part can be divided into two sections.Being the first section of the text, Chapter One and Chapter Two focus on the theoretical research. Chapter One deals with the concepts, historical evolution and challenges of the ESM and generally describes the basic ideas, values and present situation of researches in Europe. On one hand, it discusses in the view of history the progress of the ESM and Social Europe in the process of the European integration; on the other hand, in the view of practical conformity Chapter One also discusses the main challenges of the ESM under the background of the globalization and responses of the European institutions to this transition, and concludes the present situation of the policy conformity on social affairs in Europe. Chapter Two focuses on the European social policies (functional options supporting the ESM) and their developments, evolution mechanisms and theoretical framework. It indicates that as a policy set, a certain social model contains many concrete policies, which correspond to the content of the welfare state. Chapter Two also elaborates the history of the post-war welfare states in Europe, especially the challenges they are facing. Then, it discusses the value of the European housing policy in shaping the European social policy and the theoretical explanations for the public intervention in housing policy. Focusing on the classification of the European social models and political philosophers guiding the housing policies, Chapter Two elaborates the methods and projects of the research on the European housing and the ESM by combining the present situations of domestic and foreign researches.The second section of the text, from Chapter Three to Chapter Eight, adopts the method of typology and uses the Juxtapositional analysis to illustrate the housing systems under ESM including the liberalism model, continental corporatism model, continental competitive corporatism model, Mediterranean model, Nordic social democratic model and transitional states model. Case study is used in research on every subschema of national social models and detail analysis on characteristic of housing systems in European states are extended on this ground.Conclusion and reflection: First, on the base of comprehensive conclusions and reviews on the research, this part discusses theoretically the European welfare-state systems and corresponding diversity of capitalism, and summarizes the factors and factor set affecting the ESM. Then, in view of the politicalization of housing policy and franchisation of housing, it discusses the political heritage relating to ESM and housing models. Besides, instruments of housing institutions under different social models and the commonness on housing are also classified and analyzed. At last, starting from housing issues in China and referring the solutions in Europe, this part focuses on the cognition of the China's reply on current housing problems and proposes a possible view of value leading to effective solutions on those problems. In addition, taking the construction of future social model in China as an angle of view, this part also ponders the special value on ESM regarding the rebuilt of the Chinese social model.