Safety Design Of Grandstands In Sports Venues Based On Crowd Risk

With the development of economy and society, and a large sports architecture as the main carrier of the economy and culture, bear more and more sporting events, entertainment events and gatherings events, these activities are accompanied by a large crowd gathered phenomenon. Since the 20 th century, the crowd incidents within major sports venues have occurred frequently, so security issues of high density population has aroused great attention, and sports buildings grandstand area is the main area when the race a large audience gathered, the crowd gathered risk high incidence areas, and in the event of a crowd stampede, very serious consequences, even accompanied by an emergency evacuation process of secondary disasters. Studies have shown that a large safety design of buildings and facilities of the space environment effects on the psychological and behavioral patterns of people gathered in emergency situations. However, the current lack of a systematic study of the safety design of the built environment from the perspective of crowd behavior.In this paper, the crowd risk theory is introduced to crowd safety design of sports building stands. Statistical analysis occurred in the major sports architecture typical crowd accident case, from on the macroscopic to comb the mechanism of the accident, including accidents types, characteristics, causes and development phase. Then, in the development of accident sequence, the crowd risk theory is introduced to explore the psychological and behavior of crowd in normal and panic cases microscopicly, focusing on the causes of the psychological and behavior. Next, this theory is applied in the stand area, and the stand area audience composition, the purpose and motivation of the audience, the possible crowd risk for key regional are analyzed.On the whole, safety design for stands include safety zones and security capacity, stand function, stand partition and evacuation, and in the stand structure safety, the importance of the crowd dynamic load of the stand discussed. From the local perspective, stranded crowd in the bottleneck area, the barriers safety design under the cluster state, the sightline design, the spectator accommodation design, temporary stands, and so on, are important contents of safety design.The panic psychology in emergency will cause maladjusted behaviors, which make the arch jam easily during the evacuation process in construction bottleneck. This is a key problem for large crowds gathering places.Based on crowd dynamics, the formation mechanism of arched clogging evacuation and the influencing factors are analyzed. Different periods are constructed with the crowd density, speed, flow rate of population, evacuation crowd in the building model dynamic bottleneck area, the retention and the number of evacuation time can be calculated; The results of STEPS and this model produced prove the validity of the model produced; And the safety exit width threshold in the bottleneck is got by an example. The results show that in the exit, the safety width and dangerous width are very close when the crowd is in panic mode, Subtle changes in the built environment can have a huge effect on human behavior. The retention model can be used to design Performance-based building and also be used for the selection and optimization of evacuation route. In the study of evacuation exit position, the uneven exit position will affect the evacuation efficiency, specifically elaborated the optimization strategies to solve the problem.The domestic and foreign railing design standard are researched and the difference is compared, then the shortcomings of our country and the deficiency of railing for specification requirements are summarized; From the Angle of crowd evacuation railings are classified, according to different rail type corresponding research emphasis is proposed. To reach the quantitative relationship of population density, population the tilt angle and height of railing, the existing population tilt model is modified to make it more fitful in the actual situation. The pressure that the safety of the human body can withstand is got by the experiment, which provides the theory for the design of the horizontal bars load value.In the sight design, we focus on the security problems caused by sight obstruction and the occlusion problem by the first row railing is discussed, and gives the optimization strategy. In the audience design, compared to the related standards at home and abroad, and puts forward some problems existing in our specificationFinally, based on the above research, comparison of the international building code about the safety of sports buildings stand design principles, for the stand zones, safe capacity, seating area, the shortest evacuation distance, exit width, practical suggestions is given. For the barriers position, height, level design load, construction requirements, standard suggestions is given. In order to improve the sports architecture related code of our country and lay the theoretical foundation.