Studies On The Biological Characteristics And Moledular Identification Of Two Early-Ripening Bud Mutation Grape Varieties

Two new grape varieties,’98-2’(Vitis vinifera) and ’Luopuzaosheng’(V. viniferd) were early-ripening bud mutations varieties of ’Kyoko’(V. vinifera) and ’Jingya’(V. vinifera), respectively. Both of them were selected by college of Horticulture, Henan University of Science & Technology. In this study, the botanical and biological characteristics, the variations of mineral elements, hormone, sugar and acid, as well as molecular identification were studied among the varieties (’98-2’ and ’Luopuzaosheng’) and their parents. The difference between the bud mutation varieties and their parents were also discussed. The results were as follows:1. There are some differences in botanical characters and biological characteristics between the bud mutation varieties (strain)and their maternal plants, such as the fruit size, the content of soluble solid and titratable acid, the phenophase, the respiration rate of fruit cluster and fruit grain, the ethylene release. Moreover, the most significant variation was fruit ripening period. The fruit developing period of the ’98-2’ was 36d shorter than ’Kyoko’, while the ’Luopuzaosheng’ was 20d shorter than Jingya.2. Theanalyis of the content variations of mineral elements of fruit in fruit developing period showed the content of other mineral elements in young fruits of ’Kyoko’ was higher than ’98-2’ except for Ca. In Jingya’s young fruit the content of Fe, Zn, N, P and K was higher than ’Luopuzaosheng’, but other mineral elements were less than ’Luopuzaosheng’. After entering the fruit quickly expanding period, the content of the majority of mineral elements gradually decreased except for Mn due to the diluting effect. When the fruit matured, the content of Zn, Ca, Mg, P and K in ’98-2’ was higher than ’Kyoko’ while other mineral elements was lower than ’Kyoko’. The content of Cu, Zn, Mg and P in ’Luopuzaosheng’ was higher than ’Jingya’ and the other mineral elements were lower than ’Jingya’.3. At the fruit developing period, the change trends of the content of IAA, GA3, ZR and ABA in flesh were similar which appear as a single peak profile. The content of IAA, GA3, ZR and ABA present the peak in 30 or 40 days after flowering at the beginning of the fruit slowly growth period. But the time of the peak value emerging has no relationship with the maturity period. The change trends of the content of IAA, GA3 and ZR in peel were similar which all have a significant peak. The peak values of the two bud mutation varieties (strain) were lower than their parents and the time of the peak valueemerging have relationship with the maturity period. The content of ABA in peel of ’98-2’ was higher than ’Kyoko’, but ’Luopuzaosheng’ was lower than ’Jingya’. Moreover the content of ABA was very high in the later stage of fruit developing period, but the continuous time of high content of ABA was different in different maturity period cultivars.4. At the fruit developing period, the change trends of the content of frutose, glucose and total sugar in flesh were different between ’98-2’ and ’Kyoko’, but they were similar among ’Luopuzaosheng’ and ’Jiangya’. The content of frutose, glucose and total sugar increased slowly during forty days after flowering and then increased rapidly until the fruit matutity. The content of frutose, glucose and total sugar began to decrease at 50d after flowering of’98-2’and’Jingya’ and at 40d after flowering of ’Luopuzaosheng’. For ’Luopuzaosheng’, the content of frutose, glucose and total sugar was higher than ’Jingya’ in the later stage of fruit developing period.The variation of the content of frutose, glucose and total sugar were similar among the ’98-2’,’Kyoko’,’Luopuzaosheng’ and ’Jingya’ in peel at the period of the fruit developing. During thirty days after flowering, the content of frutose, glucose and total sugar had little changes in peel of these four varieties(strain). Then they rose gradually till the fruit maturity. Furthermore the content of frutose, glucose and total sugar in peel of bud mutation were lower than their parents’The activity of the invertase reached the maximum at the beginning of the fruit sugar rapidly accumulating in the fruit developing period. This variations were similar between ’Luopuzaosheng’ and ’Jingya’, but there are great difference between ’98-2’ and ’Kyoko’.5. The content of the tartaric acid and malic acid was the most abundant in the fruit and the next was citric acid, the lowest was oxalic acid whether in bud mutation varieties(strain) or parents. The content of the malic acid was gradually increased with the fruit developing in the flesh of these four varieties(strain). Then it reached to the highest value in the middle period of berry fruit developing, and decreased in maturity. Meanwhile the content of the malic acid of bud mutation was lower than parents. In peel the content of the malic acid of ’98-2’ was higher than parents’ at earlier stage and the change trend was the same as it in flesh in other phase. The contents of tartaric acid all showed downtrend whether in flesh or in peel from growth to maturity. Furthermore the contents of tartaric acid of bud mutation were lower than parents. The trend of content of total acid in flesh was similar to the trend of malic acid but in peel it was similar to the trend of tartaric acid.6. There are difference at DNA level between the two bud mutation varieties(strain) and their parents by using RAPD and SSR markers. The results showed there was a band (1300bp) amplied by RAPD prime S56 in 98-2 but not in Kyoho. A band (950bp) amplied by RAPD primer S234 was appeared only in Jingya but a band (1320bp) amplied by the same primer was appeared in Luopuzaosheng. SSR primers, VRZAG25 and VVS2 also amplified two distinct bands,510bp and 290bp, in each two varieties with the relationship of bud mutation (Kyoho and 98-2, Luopuzaosheng and Jingya). These results proved that they are not the same varieties and probably have the bud mutation relationship.7. The pollen shapes of ’98-2’,’Kyoho’,’Jingya’ and ’Luopuzaosheng’ were similar. The ’98-2" s pollen grain was spindly and ’Kyoho" s was dumpy and ’Jingya" s had slightly different with ’98-2" s and ’Luopuzaosheng" s. Pollen germination percentage of ’98-2’ was lower than that of ’Kyoho’ and ’Jingya’ was higher than ’Luopuzaosheng’.8. Comparizing with the band patterns of peroxidase isoemzyme between ’98-2’ and ’Kyoho’,’98-2’ had a P3 band but P6 band was absent and the P4 and P5 band were strong bands which illustrated that their genetic materials were not identical. The band patterns of isoemzyme between ’Luopuzaosheng’ and ’Jingya’ were completely identical.