| Changing from dry land to paddy field hereinafter refers to changing upland crops to lowland rice, which was based on water conservancy projects.This paper mainly uses the historical methods to analyze and study the background and conditions, the process of development, and the experience in the practice of changing from dry land to paddy field, which was implemented in Northern Jiangsu from 1953 tol983, pushed by the local government. Further, the impact and influence of this reform on local rural economic and production and how it affected the ecological environment are analyzed and summarized. This paper explores its historical role and the effectiveness of this project on regional development, revealing the core of farming reform, with the lead of the Party, as well as people’s vigorous spirit in Northern Jiangsu. It concludes that this project has built the agriculture pattern of rice production, which greatly has improved the local soil conditions, promoted local economic and social progress and enhanced people’s living standard. Today, the characteristics of agricultural economy in Northern Jiangsu and the development of county economy, to a great extent, is based on the long-term changing from dry land to paddy field project. Therefore, researches on changing from dry land to paddy field in northern Jiangsu from historical perspective and closely relating to the agricultural production, rice produce, and ecological, life, has important academic value and practical significance.The background and conditions of changing from dry land to paddy field in Northern Jiangsu can be concluded from the following four main aspects. Firstly, after the founding of new China, the Party and the central government carried out land reform to have farmers to be the owner of the land in rural areas and built farmers cooperative organizations. Thus farmers’ enthusiasm for production unprecedented ran high, which led to agricultural production rapidly recovered, and farmers’wishes for improving their life were also very eager. Caring about the hardship of the farmers, and seeing people’s life improving as an important work, the Party formulated various policies guiding farmers to expand production and increase grain produce. Those efforts cleared away the phenomenon that for a long time the peasants had had not enough to eat and wear. Secondly, in past, serious flood and other nature disasters in Northern Jiangsu turns out frequently, causing famine, which caused highly attention of the Party and governments at different levels. They carried out the two key water projects in the Huaihe River and Shuhe River systems. Together with the later on large-scale farmland irrigation projects, it freed the northern Jiangsu from flood and drought and changed the production conditions of local agriculture, and created the basic conditions for the implementation of changing from dry land to paddy field as well. Thirdly, most areas of changing from dry land to paddy field in Northern Jiangsu were located in northern area of Huaihe River, called South Huanghuaihai Plain. Its climate, soil and precipitation conditions are superior and suitable for rice growth. Fourthly, in order to change "low yield, high disaster" upland crops, such as potato, corn, soybean, sorghum crops, they tempted to experiment on planting potatoes, sweet potatoes to rice. Northern Jiangsu is the eastern monsoon climate, therefore its yearly flood time is also the water-needing period of rice. Changing from dry land to paddy field coincides the period of rice growth with the peak of local rainfall and temperature, which realizes the purposes of defeating flood as well as increasing the grain produce rapidly. Because rice has lots of features, such as high and steady production, wide adaptability, strong resistance, and stable and high yields irrespective of drought or water logging, it can effectively make use of the barren lands, and improve soil. Because of its nutritional value high economic value, it becomes the first crops of changing from dry land to paddy field. Therefore, the local government in northern Jiangsu decided to implement the farming system reform ---- changeing from dry land into paddy field.Relevant data shows the tough reforming process of changing from dry land to paddy field in Northern Jiangsu and its significant achievements. Changing from dry land to paddy field can be divided into four stages:implementation after the individual testing area to larger area (1953-1959), recovering from changing back from paddy field to dry land due to drought (1960-1965), rapidly expanding of changing from dry land to paddy field with the distinction repairing hydraulic (1966-1977), maintained of changing from dry land to paddy field joint, to responsibility systems of cogeneration with labor and paid (1978-1983). After carrying out the rural household contract responsibility system in 1984, organized, scale of agriculture changing from dry land to paddy field activity based on collective economy ended. Each stage for improving food masses reflects the people’s livelihood, improve crop yield target and the hard work. One lesson must be learned is the experience during three serious natural disasters(1960-1962). Natural disasters pushed changing from dry land to paddy field in most places to be forced to the end, causing widely back to dry land, man-made destruction to water conservancy facilities, fear to changing from dry land to paddy field, making the tough life. The experience is worth popularizing is in the cultural revolution, the early stages of it was only countryside, then on the guidance of a series of policy such as catching revolutionary to promote production, the government carried out vigorously "grain for the outline" in agriculture and "emulating da-zhai" on agriculture, and water conservancy construction movement made great achievements which can transfer the yangtze-huaihe water through the Jiangsu province part of south-to-north water transfer project to the north of xuzhou, County Feng and Pei, which guarantee the water supplies for developing changing from dry land to paddy field. At the same time because changing from dry land to paddy field implementation highly demands for mechanic, electricity, pesticide, fertilizer, agricultural science and technology, especially the high yielding hybrid rice, changing from dry land to paddy field obtain rapid development in Northern Jiangsu. After implementing household contract responsibility system, Northern Jiangsu entered into a new era of taking economic construction as the key work, to a certain extent, it overcame the long-standing meritocracy, equalitarianism, mobilized the farmers’ enthusiasm, promoted the steady development of changing from dry land to paddy field in Northern Jiangsu, and rice planting in most areas.It is not very easy to implement the plan of changing from dry land to paddy field on a large-scale in Northern Jiangsu for people there had no experience of growing rice. Without advocating and continuing support of party and government it is difficult to achieve. Party committees and governments at all levels adopted a series of policies and measures to promote the management and organization. Leaders support and personally involved in changing from dry land to paddy field, even take urgent problems encountered and centered, according to the principle of timing, level, the method of task to solve them. When region economy of northern area was very poor, unable to spend the money to implement changing from dry land to paddy field, the government adopt preferential loans into such funds and other ways to solve funds-lacking problem in order to support and encourage changing from dry land to paddy field. In order to let northern people master rice technology, not familiar for them, as soon as possible, the government organized scientific and technological personnel to do more tests in large-scale before the action. They even invited and selected experts and talents, in crop breeding, cultivation, farming and agricultural mechanization technology etc., to provide the technical support. For example, ChenYongKang, an expert of rice planting, spread rice paddy yield experience many times. Many agricultural technologists came to the region and give technical guidance both in the theory and practice of changing from dry land to paddy field. Under the scientific guidance it developed well. In order to strengthen the technical and lead force of changing from dry land to paddy field, the province government sent some experienced leaders from southern area, such as managers and farmers to the northern area to teach rice production experiences. While promoting changing from dry land to paddy field agricultural, lacking changing from dry land to paddy field-related production, tools and materials, government at all levels entities changing from dry land to paddy field through various measures to ensure the need to carry tools, seeds, fertilizer production such as material supply, in order to make changing from dry land to paddy field implementing smoothly. The government organization management after all only promote the development of Jiangsu province and is external factor for changing from dry land to paddy field, and farmers with the ideas and actions of development in changing from dry land to paddy field should be internal factor. Promoting cadres truly dynamic change of ideas and actions, promoting the management measures of Jiangsu province agriculture changing from dry land to paddy field stimulation measures in practice, gradually received good effect.The main content of changing from dry land to paddy field implementation in Northern Jiangsu is to promote the technology experience of transplanting rice planting. And to the local people, transplanting rice is a very technical crop planting in upland crops, much more complex, and trival labor input also greatly increases. The masses also felt hard at first. The local government gave different aspects of support, especially took various measures to strengthen its technical guidance, taught and promoted rice production technology and experience from flat field preparation, rice seedlings, seed germination, LaGu, BaYang, ZaiCha, YunTang, weeding, fertilizing, pest and complete harvest to ensure effective stimulation, improve rice grain yield, increase the farmer income, improve its poor people lives. Among them, the most conspicuous is to inspect rough fields, planned for water conservancy facilities construction such as irrigation canals sluice etc, stabled planting plot. Followed by transplanting. Jiangsu is changing from dry land to paddy field areas transplantation is unfamiliar for the masses of dry-land big differences, also require a lot of labor in rice production, more demanding, the difficulty. Planting starts than wheat, corn field, because not enough animals or labors and no skilled technology require more labor. Nonetheless, with the efforts of government and people, those areas basically realized transplanting rice planting in 1965, no longer live paddy rice, and gradually establish two boiled cropping system. In the process of changing from dry land to paddy field promotion, rice varieties on introduction and development and application are focused, realized an important measure----less money, fast effectiveness, and increased production. Constantly introducing and popularizing all high-yielding rice varieties and application, rice yield and improve quality of rice, the technical basis for renewal of rice varieties increase grain yield positive effect. In the late 1970s, people in the area have mastered the production technology, rice planting hybrid embodied universally in the production of more than of the South.After long-term unremitting efforts, the North unceasingly expands agricultural area of changing from dry land to paddy field, finally changed cropping system, enlarge the area of two boiled rice a year, getting early goals of changing from dry land to paddy field. Changing from dry land to paddy field plays major roles in local public life, rural economy and agricultural ecological environment and gets far-reaching influences. Changing from dry land to paddy field in Northern Jiangsu promotes improvement of local people’s social lives and the population quality, changes people’s eating structures and improve the level of people’s lives, enhances public physical and psychological qualities, cultivates positive ideas of people, ease of women’s labor, improve the status of women, etc, and promotes local economic and social development. In the aspects of agricultural production, it can promote water planning and construction always comply with "water with the principle of agriculture", successively serving for changing from dry land to paddy field, reservoir and main rivers building, and interbasin water transfering project from Jiang Huai provide water guarantee for changing from dry land to paddy field. At the same time Irrigation Station and HeWangHua cascade construction, gradually forms the irrigation system for changing from dry land to paddy field, changes the pure water irrigation on agricultural production. This makes full use of water in the area, effectively manages and maintains water conservancy facilities, improves irrigation efficiency. A good place to realize water conditions are made into changing from dry land to paddy field area, and can keep good water utilization condition, and mutually promote the good water management with water conservancy construction and changing from dry land to paddy field. Many reservoirs and rice fields provide bases for aquatic product raising. Increased fields and production of rice created conditions for the related industries. Many local people experienced lots, such as increased grain, destroyed locusts, etc. Changing from dry land to paddy field also can adjust and improve climate condition, the vegetation, soil and water pollution, reducing flooding, improve local probably, sand soil properties, ginger, black increase soil fertility.reduce insect pests occurrence.The great success of changing from dry land to paddy field in Northern Jiangsu also provides many revelations, changing from dry land to paddy field is an agricultural production reform of concentrated wisdoms and powers from cadres and masses. In its implementing process, changing from dry land to paddy field mobilizes hundreds of thousands of grassroots cadres and labor forces, promotes the development of water conservancy construction, makes a significant contribution on the formation of agricultural economy characteristic and the development of county economy in Northern Jiangsu. It is still a success reference to be learned and practiced----in Jiangsu Province, the south support the development of the north, the north learn advanced technology and experience from the south. It truly reflects the party and the government’s important measures and achievements of the people’s livelihood issues. Changing from dry land to paddy field provides valuable experiences for realizing the sustainable development of ecological agriculture technology, effectively guaranteeing for the national and regional food security, solving the "Three Agricultural" problems. |
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