Study On Application Of Environmental Protection Type Biological Resources In Broiler Diets

In recent years, with the development of new energy sources, large amounts of biofuels byproducts were produced. Recent researches focus on the reasonable utilization of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS),glycerin and canola meal (CM), due to potential threat to environment if these byproducts are not used reasonably. Moreover, the contradiction of robbing raw materials between biofuels manufacturing industry and animal husbandry are rising, which may deepen feed resources shortage and improve feed producing cost. Therefore, developing new feed resources, especially using environmental protection type resources such as biofuels byproducts will have great practical significance not only for environment protection but also for animal husbandry industry. Deep researches are rare on the environmental protection biological resources used as animal feed resources at present. In the current study, DDGS, glycerin and CM were selected and aimed to evaluate the effects of combination use of DDGS and glycerin, DDGS and CM used in broiler diets on growth performance and carcass traits, feasibility of improvement influence of enzymes added in high level DDGS diets, as well as the effects of DDGS on broiler meat quality, intestinal physiology and meat antioxidation, in order to provide positive theoretical and practical basis for the future use of alternative feed sources biofuel byproducts in broiler industry, most of the study finished in Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas in the United States.Experiment 1 Study on Effects of DDGS and Glycerin Combination Use Replacing Corn-soybean Meal in Broiler DietsAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS combined with glycerin in broiler diets. In a 3×2 factorial arrangement, 600 one-day-old commercial strain Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to experimental diets with 0, 15 and 30% DDGS of known composition; within each level of DDGS the diets contained 0 or 5% glycerin, respectively, from 0-42 days of age. Diets were formulated to meet requirements of digestible amino acid and were fed in pelleted form. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times. Body weight gain and feed consumption were measured and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 42 days of age. Inclusion of 30% DDGS had no adverse effect on body weight of chicks; however, birds fed diets with 30% DDGS had greater feed intake and poorer feed conversion than birds fed the control diet at most age periods. This was highly correlated to the reduced pellet quality of diets containing the high levels of DDGS. Birds fed diets with 30% DDGS also had significantly reduced dressing percentage compared to birds fed the control diet with no DDGS. However, there was no adverse effect on breast meat yield related to the higher levels of DDGS inclusion. Addition of 5% glycerin from biodiesel production to the diets had no significant effect on body weight, feed intake, or feed conversion. There was no significant effect of the addition of glycerin on dressing percentage or yield of various carcass parts. With one minor exception, there was no significant interaction between addition of glycerin and level of DDGS in the diet, even though pellet quality declined when glycerin was added to the diets. Overall, the results of this study demonstrates that 15% DDGS of known nutritional quality can be utilized in diets for growing broilers with no adverse effects provided diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid basis and meet the nutritional requirements of the broiler. Higher levels may be tolerated but there may be a loss in feed conversion unless pellet quality can be improved. A loss in dressing percentage at higher levels of DDGS has been consistently noted in this and previous studies. Incorporation of 5% glycerin from biodiesel production as a source of energy appears satisfactory.Experiment 2 Study on Effects of DDGS and CM Combination Use Replacement Corn-soybean Meal in Broiler DietsThe objective of this study aimed to evaluate the combination use of DDGS and CM in broiler diets. DDGS can partially replace corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, but the amino acids in DDGS are not balanced. CM is a good protein source with high amino acid content, so the combined use of DDGS and CM may improve the amino acid balance. A study was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 6×6 factorial arrangement, 1,080 one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to diets with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% DDGS of known composition; within each level of DDGS, diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% CM from 0 to 18 d of age. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Diets were formulated to meet digestible amino acid requirements and were fed as a 3.17-mm pellet. Body weight and feed consumption were measured at 18 d of age. In addition, feed bulk density and percentage of fines were evaluated. The DDGS and CM levels as well as their interaction significantly affected feed intake and body weight (BW) (P<0.05). Moreover, feed intake and BW declined dramatically with the increasing inclusion of CM. However, no significant difference was noted in FCR due to dietary DDGS and canola levels. Percentage of fines and diet bulk density were influenced significantly by dietary DDGS and CM levels as well as by their interaction. The percentage of fines increased with increasing combinations of DDGS and CM. However, the effect of dietary DDGS and CM concentrations on feed bulk density did not show a clear trend. By regression analysis, percentage of fines had a significant impact on feed intake (FI) and BW gain but failed to show any clear-cut relationship between bulk density and performance factors. Therefore, when DDGS and CM are used in combination, the total level of the two ingredients in the formulation should be considered. Unless percent fines of the diet can be improved the combination of the two should not exceed 20% DDGS and 10% CM.Experiment 3 Effects of Enzymes Allzyme(?) SSF and Rovabio(?) Excel AP on Energy Digestibility of High Level DDGS Replacement DietsTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of enzymes (Allzyme SSF(?) and Rovabio Excel(?)) on energy digestibility of diets high in DDGS for broilers DDGS for broilers. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in which a corn- soybean meal control diet and a diet with 30% DDGS were supplemented with 2 different commercial enzyme products. In addition to the unsupplemented control, each enzyme was fed at the level suggested by the manufacturer, twice the recommended level, and 4 times the recommended level. Allzyme SSF was used in the first experiment, and Rovabio Excel was used in the second experiment. Male commercial strain chicks that were 15 d (trial 1) or 20 d (trial 2) old were randomly assigned to the experimental diets, with each treatment replicated 3 times. CeliteTM was used as an indigestible marker. After a 5-d period of acclimation to the diets, excreta samples were collected. The energy contents of the diet and excreta were determined and digestibility of dietary energy was calculated. In both trials, there was a significant difference in gross energy digestibility between the corn-soybean meal control diets and diets with 30% DDGS (P < 0.05). However, no significant improvement in gross energy digestibility was obtained by adding any level of the 2 enzymes. Moreover, no significant interactions were found between the basal diets and various enzyme levels. Therefore, addition of the enzymes used in these studies had no apparent beneficial effect on energy digestibility of corn-soybean meal diets or diets with a high level of DDGS.Experiment 4 Effects of Rovabio(?) Max AP on Energy and Protein Digestibility of High Level DDGS Replacement DietsThis experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of a carbohydrase preparation (Rovabio(?) Max AP) on protein and energy utilization of maize-soybean meal diets with 0 or 30% DDGS. One hundred and ninety two, 18-day old male broiler chicks of a commercial strain Cobb 500 were randomly distributed among six treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Each treatment was replicated four times, with six chicks per replicate. Treatments included two basal diets containing 0 or 30% of DDGS; each supplemented with or without an enzyme preparation fed at the level recommended by the manufacturer (1X), two (2X) and four times (4X) of recommended level. After a five-day adaptation period, excreta samples were collected for determination of AME and N retention (NR). Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion, fecal gross energy (GE) and N, AME, AMEn, GE digestibility, and NR were determined. The results showed that weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality rate were not significantly affected by level of DDGS or enzyme inclusion in the diet, or their interactions (P>0.05). Excreta N and GE were significantly increased by inclusion of 30% of DDGS in the basal diet. While AME and AMEn values were not affected by the addition of high level of DDGS in the diet (P>0.05), however, GE digestibility and NR were significantly affected (P<0.05). Supplementation of either basal diet with different levels of enzyme had no significant effects on excreta N content or AME, GE digestibility, or NR values(P>0.05). Moreover, the effect of the interaction between different levels of DDGS and enzyme levels on performance or nutrient utilization parameters were not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, these data indicate that the addition of the enzyme preparation used in this trial was not effective in improving nutrient utilization of maize-soybean meal diets with or without DDGS.Experiment 5 Effects of DDGS Replacement Diets on Meat Quality and Oxidation Stability, Intestinal Morphology and Antioxidant Function for BroilersThe study was undertaken to investigate the effects of DDGS on meat quality, antioxidation and intestinal morphology in male broilers. A total of 720 Cobb 48 male broilers were used in this experiment. Birds were fed diets formulated to contain 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% DDGS, respectively, for a period of 6 wk. The results showed that there were no differences (P>0.05) in CIE L* and a*(lightness and redness), however, there was strong impact (P<0.01) on b*(yellowness) between the birds fed the DDGS and control diets. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in cook loss with the adding of higher level of DDGS. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among the DDGS and control treatment with respect to shear force. No differences (P>0.05) in fat, protein and moisture content in breast or thigh was observed between any of the dietary treatments throughout the experiment. The determination of fatty acids composition in breast and thigh muscle demonstrated that there was no significant different between control and DDGS treatments in linoleic acid (C18:2), however, the tendency that 15% DDGS showed much higher linoleic acid (C18:2) than other treatments. For breast muscle, the addition of DDGS had significant effect on C24:0, C16:1, C20:3 C20:5 and C22:6 (P<0.05). For thigh muscle, the addition of DDGS had significant effect on C14:0, C18:0, C20:0, C14:1, C16:1, C20:1, C24:1 and C20:5 (P<0.05). In addition, 10, 15 and 20% DDGS levels showed higher C20:5 proportion than control other treatments. No significant difference was found in SFA, MUFA and PUFA (P>0.05). However, PUFA/SFA was significant different (P<0.05), feeding DDGS significantly increased the ratio PUFA/SFA. PUFA proportion had an increase tendency as DDGS percentage increased. The MDA production of breast muscle was not affected (P>0.05) by dietary DDGS levels, however, liver MDA production was influenced significantly (P<0.01) by dietary DDGS levels. In breast meat and liver tissue, no differences (P>0.05) were observed in the activities of T-AOC, however, T-SOD activity decreased significantly between birds fed the control diet and DDGS diets (P<0.05), moreover, in liver, GSH-Px activity showed better in 15% DDGS adding level in dietary (P<0.01).At d 21, significant difference was observed in duodenum VH, CD, VH/CD and MT (P<0.05), 10% DDGS concentration showed lowest CD and higher VH/CD. At d 42, significant difference was observed in duodenum VH, VH/CD and MT (P<0.05), 10% DDGS concentration showed close VH and MT to control treatment, 15% DDGS concentration showed higher VH/CD. Significant difference was observed in jejunum VH, CD, VH/CD and MT (P<0.05), 10% DDGS concentration showed close VH/CD to control treatment, 10% DDGS concentration showed higher VH/CD than other treatments. In contrast, ileum VH, CD and VH/CD were unaffected by DDGS levels (P >0.05).Therefore, the data suggest that 10-15% DDGS replacement diets are beneficial to improve meat quality and oxidation stability, intestinal morphology and antioxidation function.