| National non-commercial forest plays crucial role to the land ecological security, biodiversity protection and the sustainable development of the economy and society. According to the layout and forest types in Hunan Province, four types of national non-commercial forest are taken into consideration in this dissertation exemplified by the source of Li River, the banks of Xiang River, the Dongjiang Reservoir in Chen Zhou in combination with the important wetlands in Hunan, and lastly the National Nature Reserve. Based on the disciplines and theories of ecology, forestry, soil science, and ecological economics, the purposes of the paper are to explore the water conservation, soil fixing and fertilizer protecting, carbon fixing and oxygen releasing, ecological diversity and the nutrition matter accumulation in these areas mentioned above. The methods adopted in the study are the forest ecological field observation, test analysis, statistical analysis and analytic hierarchy process (ahp) based on the comprehensive evaluation. After4consecutive years (2007-2010) research by positioning monitoring, measurement and evaluation of the ecological benefit, the main results are as follows:(1) The ecological benefit monitoring and test results about Hunan national non-commercial forest are:①Water conservation benefit:The river-source type is411.13～489.07t·hm-2, the river-bank type is423.68～460.51t·hm-2, important wetlands with large reservoir type is311.06～436.38t·hm-2, and National Nature Reserve type is273.70～354.53t·hm-2.②Soil fixing and fertilizer protecting are as follows:organic matter> all K> all N> all P, organic content account for more than80%, with soil depth increases,the soil organic matter content decreases, and the average content of25.08～34.32g·kg-1,0～15cm range content is41.40～55.10g·kg-1, to30cm range content is21.94-39.43g·kg-1,30to45cm range content is9.16～11.90g·kg-1; All K content with soil depth increasing, it also increased, the average content of3.08～4.34g·kg-1; With soil depth increasing; All N decreases, and the average content of1.28～2.39g·kg-1, with soil depth increasing, all P decreases, and the average content of0.26～0.46g·kg-1. ②The carbon fixing and oxygen releasing benefit:solid carbon benefit about broadleaf mixed forest as6.76～10.19t·hm-2, horsetail pine solid carbon benefit as the3.09t·hm-2, fir LinGu carbon benefit as4.32～5.75t·hm-2; Non-commercial forest vegetation and releasing oxygen benefit as8.34～27.52t·hm-2, the broadleaf mixed forest and releasing oxygen benefit as18.25～27.52t·hm-2, horsetail pine forest and releasing oxygen benefit as the8.34t·hm-2, fir forest and releasing oxygen benefit as11.66～15.52t·hm-2. Because of different vegetation types of the non-commercial forest ecological system there are some differences in fixing carbon and oxygen releasing. Therefore the non-commercial forest has significantly better performance than the commercial.④The nutrition matter accumulation benefit:of the non-commercial forest tree species, different organs have different nutrition element contents. Leaves get the highest content of the elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), and the average content is0.598%～0.923%; while the trunk gets the minimum nutrient element content, and the average content is0.079%～0.151%. The average annual accumulation about broadleaf mixed forest nutrients is127.69～170.95kg·hm-2, The average annual accumulation about horsetail pine forest nutrients is75.47kg·hm-2, The average annual accumulation about fir forest nutrients is124.82～140.07kg·hm-2.⑤The ecological diversity protection:from the analysis of Margalef index, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index of forest tree and shrub and herb diversity level, it was found that diversity level of the arbor forest increases with the difference of the forest types.(2) The2010ecological benefit quality and the interest statistics of the four ecological niche types of the national non-commercial forest show the following:①Nutrient accumulation:important wetland forest and large reservoir forest is115.04kg·hm-2, National Nature Reserve-forest is81.54kg·hm-2, the river-source type forest is75.08kg·hm-2, the river type forest for64.14kg·hm-2. The corresponding values are as follows:1079.46yuan·hm-2,717.52yuan·hm-2,1262.40yuan·hm-2,561.56yuan·hm-2.②The water conservation benefit of quality:the river-source type is539.79t·hm-2,the river banks is515.45t·hm-2, important wetlands and large reservoir type is 411.28t·hm-2, and the National Nature Reserve is379.55t·hm-2. The corresponding values are as follows:4156.38yuan·hm-2,3968.97yuan·hm-2,3166.86yuan·hm-2,2922.54yuan·hm-2.③The soil quality benefits:the river-source type is44.96t·hm-2, the river banks type is42.10t·hm-2, important wetlands and large reservoir type is43.35t·hm-2, and the National Nature Reserve for42.23t·hm-2. Quality performance and fertilizer benefit is:the National Nature Reserve is40.05g·kg-1, the river-source is type38.73g·kg-1, important wetlands and large reservoir type is37.06g·kg-1, and the river type is33.97g·kg-1. Soil conservation benefit the total value:important wetlands and large reservoir forest is3063.46yuan·hm-2, the river-source type is2964.42yuan·hm-2, the National Nature Reserve is2902.80yuan·hm-2, and the river type is2859.40yuan·hm-2.④The carbon fixing and oxygen releasing:important wetlands and large reservoir type is58.64t·hm-2, the river-source type is54.00t·hm-2, the National Nature Reserve is52.82t·hm-2, and the river type forest is44.81t·hm-2. The corresponding values are as follows:16760.38yuan·hm-2,15968.95yuan·hm-2,15423.05yuan·hm-2,12610.87yuan·hm-2.⑤The biodiversity protection benefit value shows:the river-source type forest10000is yuan·hm-2, important wetlands and large reservoir forest is8000yuan·hm-2, the National Nature Reserve forest is7000yuan·hm-2, and the river banks type Forest is5500yuan·hm-2.(3) The2007～2010dynamic monitoring results of the ecological benefit of the non-commercial forest show the following:①Overall, the water conservation benefit showed an increasing tendency. In2007, the water conservation was320.73～434.81t·hm-2, in2010,362.20-513.91t·hm-2. Due to the ice and snow disasters, the2008water conservation benefits of the river-source and the National Nature Reserve appeared fluctuation phenomena.②The soil conservation benefit all showed increasing trend with the year. The river-source type forest soil conservation benefits in2007was36.57g·kg-1, in2010was38.12g·kg-1; the river banks type forest in2007was32.43g·kg-1, in2010was34.28g·kg-1; important wetlands and large reservoir in2007was34.56g·kg-1, in 2010was36.77g·kg-1; and the National Nature Reserve type in2007was37.86g-kg"!, while in2010it was2007years for39.65g·kg-1.③The tree biomass increased over time, while the biomass increased differently in amplitude because of the different speed of annual tree growth so that the carbon fixing and oxygen releasing variation of dynamic benefit is not obvious, the river-source type forest varies with the annual value of10.79t·hm-2, increased to10.92t·hm-2, and then decrease to10.29t·hm-2; the river banks type forest with the annual value from7.36t·hm-2, decreased to5.25t·hm-2, then increased to7.63t·hm-2; important wetlands and large reservoir forest with the annual value from11.31t·hm-2to16.54t·hm-2; and the National Nature Reserve type forest with the annual value increased from6.35t·hm-2to11.26t·hm-2.④Different ecological type of non-commercial forests Shannon-Wiener index upward trend from2007to2010, shows that the construction of non-commercial forest biodiversity conservation benefits are increasing.(4) Comparison of the ecological benefits between the national non-commercial forests and the commercial forests show the following:The average soil organic matter of the selected four ecological location national non-commercial forest is30.55%, slightly less than the average values (31.22g, kg-1)organic matter in province-wide non-commercial forest, but larger than that of the commercial forest(27.86g·kg-1), the average value of total N, total P, total K content were higher than other non-commercial and commercial forests in Hunan Province. For the four selected ecological niches, the average annual carbon fixing and oxygen releasing is9.92t·hm-2, which is1.48times higher than that of the province’s forest ecosystems with the value of6.69t·hm-2; forest nutrient elements N, P, K average annual accumulation were25.87kg·hm-2,3.24kg·hm-2,21.17kg·hm-2, respectively, which is3.20,1.77and4.12times higher than the respective province’s forest nutrient elements N, P, K accumulation (14.68kg·hm-2,2.95kg·hm-29.13kg·hm-2). The water conservation benefit per unit the selected four ecological niches is1873.10t·hm-2, which is0.54-0.59times of the main forest types in Hunan Province.(5) The comprehensive evaluation of ecological benefits of national non-commercial forest in Hunan province:Different degrees of comprehensive ecological benefit of non-commercial forest in the region contribute certain differences, i.e. rivers-source type> National Nature Reserve type> river-bank type> important wetlands and large reservoirs type.In the individual ecological benefits evaluation:the sequence of water conservation benefits in four species ecological niches type is river-source type> river-bank type> important wetland type> National Nature Reserve type; The sequence of solid soil insurance fertilizer benefits in four species ecological location type is important wetland type> river-source type> National Nature Reserve type> river-bank type; The sequence of solid carbon fixing and oxygen releasing benefits in four species ecological location type is important wetland type> National Nature Reserve type> river-source type> river-bank type; The sequence of nutrients accumulated benefits ecological niches of in four types is the river-source type>important wetland type> National Nature Reserve type> river-bank type.The research results provide basic data to further improve the level of forest ecological compensation system of the state compensation mechanism, it also has attempted to establish theoretical basis for the government and relevant departments in multifunctional benefits forest decision-making, in forest reforming for the public welfare. |
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