Study On Forest Ecological Security Based On Landscape Pattern Analysis And Ecosystem Service Assessment In Hainan Island

This study use multi-source data, under the theories of landscape ecology, statistics, microeconomics, sustainable development and ecological security theories. In application of Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing, database technology and mathematic modeling, under Pressure-State-Response(PSR) framework and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). It combines normative and positive research methods, uses qualitative as well as quantitative analysis. Based on the analysis of forest landscape pattern and assessment of forest ecosystem service, under the framework of Pressure-State-Response and social-economic-natural complex ecosystem, a set of indicators to assess forest ecological security was developed. In order to understand the pressure of human activities on forest ecosystem, and show the states and trends of forest ecological security.We at first make an analysis of forest landscape patterns in Hainan Island. In order to do this, we have collect forest inventory data, territorial planning data, public welfare forest data, forest land border data and SPOT5sattelite images. A batabase based on these data was developed. Under the support of GIS, we choose10landscape index at class level and landscape level to make an analysis. The results show that plantation, farmland and natural forest are the three main landscape types in Hainan Island. The total areas of these three types comprise89%of the total land area. They are the key factors for the ecosystem stability. Baisha, Wuzhishan, Ledong in the central part of Hainan Island have the largest LPI and Contagion index, which have positive effects on ecological security of the whole Island. The developed coastal regions have less natural forest; more patches of construction lands, forests are highly fragmented.We then make an forest ecosystem service assessment are based on8service types, namely:water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation&oxygen release, nutrient accumulation, atmosphere environmental purification, action of forest against natural calamities, species conservation, based on these8types,14indicators were developed. The assessment was based on parameters from Jianfengling Forest Ecological Monitoring Station and other local monitoring stations. The assessment results show that water conservation has the highest ecosystem service value with47.5%of total. The rest are atmosphere environmental purification (12.4%), carbon fixation&oxygen release(11.7%), species conservation(10.3%), soil conservation(6.6%), action of forest against natural calamities(6.2%), forest recreation(4.4%), nutrient accumulation(0.9%). In different forest types, primary forest has the highest ecosystem service value of28.3%of total, followed by secondary forest with27.0%, rubber tree forest with24.4%and timber forest with 14.0%. by counties, the highest forest ecosystem service values are in Qiongzhong(with13.3%of total value of the island), Baisha(9.0%), Ledong(8.8%), Danzhou(7.4%), Sanya(7.3%), Wuzhishan(6.5%), Dongfang(5.9%). Lingao(2.4%) and Dingan(2.2%) have lowest forest ecosystem service valuesPressure-State-Response framework is logic and systematic, reflect the interaction between human activities and nature environment. It is the most suitable framework to assess ecological security. Based on data from landscape pattern analysis and forest eco-system service assessment, under the framework of PSR, we have build a set of forest ecological security indicators based on the principles of systematicity, scientificity, independentness, integrity, measureableness and availability. The set of indicator includes28indicators and4level of hierarchy. In application of Analytic Hierachy Process(AHP) and Delphi Method, an assessment method was developed. The assessment results show that Baisha (0.5797), Wuzhishan (0.5581), Qiongzhong (0.4756), Baoting (0.3600), Sanya (0.3565), Changjiang (0.3419) Ledong (0.2987, Dongfang (0.2322) have the higher State index values. Dingan(0.1063)and Lingao(0.1136)have the lower State value. By analysis of Pressure, Sanya (0.5145), Haikou (0.4842), Wenchang (0.3418) face the highest Pressure, Baisha (0.0203), Baoting (0.0490), Wuzhishan (0.0603) have the relative lower Pressure. Counties with with best Responses are leondg (0.4783), Qiongzhong (0.4440), Sanya (0.4172). The best ecological security index are in Wuzhishan (0.6341), Qiongzhong (0.5417), Baisha (0.5058), Ledong (0.4880)By forest ecological security analysis, we can see that the human put a high pressure on forest ecosystem, while the conservation and the fund and staff input for forestry are relatively short. We should focus on the indicators of the high negative effect to overcome the Wooden Buckets Effect. By analysis by counties, the highest value of ecological security are all in the central mountainous area, where the landscape pattern are reasonable and the ecosystem service are high. But the bearing capacity threshold and human activity cannot be ignored; reasonable conservation and utilization measurements should be applied to maintain the ecological security. The least ecological secure city is Haikou (with index of0.2515). That is because its main landscape type are farmland, other non-forest land, and plantation. These three type have a total area of81%. The landscapes are highly fragmented.Based on analysis of forest landscape patterns and assessment of forest ecosystem service, taken into account of economic, social, resource and environmental, tourist and institutional factors, a set of indicators are developed to assess the forest ecological security in Hainan under Pressure-State-Response framework. The current states and driving force was analyzed to lay a foundation for policy making and countermeasures formulated.