| This study was conducted to reveal productivity and its ecological and physiological characteristics of indica-japonica hybrid rice of yongyou series(A), japonica hybrid rice cultivars(B). conventional japonica rice cultivars (C) and indica hybrid rice cultivars (D),in the rice-wheat cropping areas(Yangzhou,Changshu) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2012-2013,by different high-yielding planting types and cultivation conditions according to the self-characterisctics of different rice type and high-yielding cultivation theory,to clear productivity formation mechanism.and to provide reference for theory and practice.The main results were as follows:1. Rice yields and its components formation of A(indica-japonica hybrid rice),B(japonica hybrid rice),C(conventional japonica rice),D(indica hybrid rice) were significantly different.Grain yield and its components, stems and tillers components and its spike rate, panicle characteristics and grain-filling properties were analyzed systematically.Result show that. (1)under the high yielding cultivation conditions of mechanical transplanting, yield showed a trend of A>B>C>D in different sites and years.The average yield of A in both years in Yangzhou was 12189.63kg hm-2, and it was 8.98%,11.86% and 20.06% higher than that of B,C and D.(2)The contribution of yield components to yield was total spikelets>seed-setting rate>1000-grain weight.and contribution to total spikelets was spikelets per panicle>number of panicles.It was illustrated that the big ear was still the main way for high yield of rice.(3)The number of stems and tillers at jointing stage was C>D>B>A,the stems and Primaty tillers contribution rate was A>D>C>B. while the secondary tillers contribution rate was B>C>D>A, the components of stems and tillers at waxy stage was the same as that at jointing stage;the trend of the spike rate from high to low was B(71.75%),C(69.28%),A(65.76%),D(62.28%).(4)Panicle length was D>A>B>C;grain density.single panicle weight were A>B>D>C;grains per branch of primaty branch was B>A>C>D,while number of branches and total grains of primaty branch were A>B>C>D,the trend of the contribution rate of primary branch grains to spikelets per panicle from high to low was C (41.07%),B (35.30%),A (31.83%),D (27.80%);grains per branch of secondary branch was D>A>C>B,while number of branches and total grains of secondary branch were A>B>D>C,the trend of the contribution rate of secondary branch grains to spikelets per panicle from high to low was D(72.20%),A(68.17%),B(64.70%),C(58.93%). the final weight of a kernel was C>B>D>A, maximum grain-filling rate was D>C>B>A,the time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate was B>C>A>D,mean grain-filling rate was D>C>B>A,effective grain-filling time was B>A>C>D;For grain-filling characteristics of different stages, grain-filling amount of gradually growth stage, fast growth stage and slowly growth stage were C>B>D>A;grain-filling time of gradually growth stagewas B>C>A>D,grain-filling time of fast growth stage and slowly growth stage were B>A>C>D;mean grain-filling rate of gradually growth stage was D>C>A>B,grain-filling rate of gradually growth stage and gradually growth stage were D>C>B>A.Compared with hybrid japonica rice,conventional japonica rice and hybrid indica rice,indica-japonica hybrid rice had obviously advantages at productivity.Big panicle was the basis for the formation of the advantage.2.Dry matter production and photosynthesis of A,B,C,D were significantly, different.(1)yield by using different types of rice varieties was significantly positively correlated with weight of dry matter at maturity, the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, and weight of dry matter from jointing to heading. There were parabolic relationships between yield and weight of dry matter at heading in high yield. (2) the dry matter weight per stem and per leaf area of indica-japonica Hybrid Rice were higher than that of other three varieties in the main growth stage, the difference was increasing with the growing process. Biological yield of indica-japonica hybrid rice is higher than that of other three varieties, and economic coefficient showed the opposite trend. (3) in the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), net dry matter accumulation, the accumulation rate, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate of indicia-Japonica Hybrid Rice were lower than those of the other three varieties, and photosynthetic potential between japonica and indica; in the middle growth period (from jointing to heading) net dry matter accumulation, accumulation ratios, photosynthetic potential of indicia-Japonica Hybrid Rice were higher than other three varieties, and crop growth rate, net assimilation rate between japonica and indica; in the late growth stage (from heading to maturity),the accumulation of dry matter accumulation, the accumulation rate, crop growth rate, photosynthetic potential of indicia -Japonica Hybrid Rice were higher than other three varieties, and net assimilation rate was close to japonica.(4) at heading stage, the dry matter weight ratio of leaf and sheath to total plant reduced in turn for indica hybrid rice, indica-japonica hybrid rice japonica rice, that of stem increased in the same turn,but that of panicle of indica-japonica hybrid rice was the highest; at milk ripe stage,the dry matter weight ratio of leaf and sheath to total plant of indica-japonica hybrid rice was the highest, but that of stem to total plant was the lowest, and that of panicle increased in the turn for japonica rice, indica-japonica hybrid rice, indica hybrid rice;at maturity, the dry matter weight ratio of leaf and sheath to total plant increased in turn for indica hybrid rice, indica-japonica hybrid rice japonica rice, but that of stem to total plant of indica-japonica hybrid rice was the highest, and that of panicle was the lowest. No matte heading stage and milk stage or mature stage, the dry matter distribution of per leaf per sheath, per stem and per panicle of indica-japonica hybrid rice were higher than the other three varieties. (5) The apparent output of leaf and sheath reduced in turn of indica hybrid rice, indica-japonica hybrid rice, japonica rice, but that of the export rate and transformation were the lowest. The export rate and transformation of stem increased in turn for Indica hybrid rice, indica-japonica hybrid rice, japonica rice, but that of the maximum output was the highest. The apparent output, apparent export and transformation rate of stem of indica-japonica hybrid rice were the lowest, but that of the volume of matter transported back of per stem was the highest. Fully relying on the individual advantage and on the basis of groups formed in steady growth at early growth stages, focusing on improving the photosynthetic system’s production performance in the later stages, ensuring the output and distribution of the photosynthetic product reasonably, and hazing a coordinating output and transfer mechanism of material in the late growth stage, then eventually forming higher biological yield accumulation, it’s both the key reason for the formation of indica-japonica hybrid rice yield advantage and an important approach to increase the yield.3. Different grain position of A and B, C, D (upper primary branch U1, upper secondary branch U2, Central primary branch M1. Central secondary branch M2, the lower primary branch M1, the lower secondary branch M2) had differences in groups-filling, grain-filling and physiological and ecological characteristics related (Mechanically Transplanted Pot Seedlings). (1) common law of groups-filling, grain-filling for all types of varieties median grain (U2, M1, M2, D1) and grain filling enriched population were belong to the upper and lower synchronization bit asynchronous filling type (U2 and D1 synchronization, M1 and M2 asynchronous), the order of two peaks appearing for various types of each filling median kernels were M1, U2, Dl, M2; groups filling quantity, the total amount was A> B> C> D, different median position of A grain varieties showed a trend of U2> M2> M1>D1 for milking intensity, for A, the group grout strength of U2, D1 and grout of U2, M2 was significantly higher than B, C, D; grain filling, the final of each grain plumpness were between japonica and indica type. different median position of A grain varieties showed a trend of M1> U1> D2> M2 for grain filling strength, where grain plumpness of U1 were A> D> C> B. grain plumpness degree of D2 were C> B> A> D. The main physiological and ecological indicators, biomass accumulation of vegetative organs at heading and nutritional substances output of heading to the milk stage organ manifestations showed A> B> C> D, nutrition substance in vegetative organs from the beginning to the milk stage until dough stage was observed lower than the control type gradually, net photosynthetic rate showed A>B>C>D in dough and mature stage, photosynthetic potential from heading to maturity,previous substance output and post material photosynthetic rate showed consistent trend; initial response parameters of light-photosynthetic rate, carbon dioxide-the photosynthetic rate initial response parameters and groups apical number are expressed A> B> C> D in filling mid. peaks root diameter depending on the distribution of root diameter showed DABC. root density in pre-filling and filling expressed as C> B> A> D; from jointing to heading and heading to maturity, the average accumulation rate and cumulative volume of dark cycle and the temperature difference showed A> B> C> D. It showed that under bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting, grain position in different types of super (super high yield) rice showed the same grain-filing type:" up and down in synchronization but midi asynchronous ".In this study, Yongyou series indica-japonica hybrid rice showed basic filling characteristics as:"larger total population filling and better grain filling ", the article illustrated that storage of raw materials in sufficient quantities in vegetative organs of the mid-group nutrition. and effective docking, smooth output between source and library in early grout filling stage. stable and lasting population photosynthetic system and high activity in physiology of roots and leaves in late stage, sufficient resources to effectively compete with the spatial and temporal In the mid to late, were physiological and ecological mechanisms for Yongyou series indica-japonica hybrid rice obtaining a larger population and better grain-filling.4.Lightened posture of leave, light distribution of canopy and photosynthetic characteristics of plant of A,B,C,D were significantly different. Results were as follows:(1) leaf length, leaf width of top three leaves showed the trend of A>B>D>C, canopy extinction coefficient showed the trend of C>D>B>A, leaf basic angle of top three leaves and relative height of the largest leaf area density were D>A,>B>C, lower canopy leaf area density was C>B>A>D, plant height and largest leaf area density showed the trend of A>D>B>C, leaf drop angle of top three leaves showed the trend of D>B>C>A, upper canopy leaf area density observed D>A>B>C, lower canopy relative light showed the trend of A>B>C>D, lower canopy relative light and canopy average relative light showed the trend of B>A>C>D; (2) population LAI and high valid leaf area rate showed the trend of D>A>B>C at heading, valid leaf area rate, spikelets per cm2 leaf area, filled grains per cm2 leaf area, total biomass, economic yield, Chlorophy Ⅱ (a+b) content, carotenoid content, PS Ⅱ actual photochemical efficiency, net photosynthetic rate, enzyme activities of SOD, POD and CAT after heading showed the trend of A>B>C>D, harvest index and MDA content showed the trend of D>C>B>A. Therefore, compared with other three types of rice, Yongyou Series of indica-japonica hybrid rice had significant advantages in the canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics, which are both normal ecological and physiological bases of high yield, and maybe an important way to improve the population productivity of inter-subspecific hybrid rice.5.Root system morphological and physiological characteristics of A,B,C,D were significantly different. (1) The root dry weight, aboveground dry weight, number of root tips, root length, root surface area,root-shoot ratio and root volume of A were obviously higher than those of B, C and D at the middle and late growth stage. (2)The proportion of number, length, surface area and volume of the adventitious roots(root diameter> 0.3 mm) to the whole roots of A were higher than those of B and C, while lower than those of D at heading; the proportion of number, length, surface area and volume of the fine branches (root diameter< 0.1 mm) and coarse branches (0.1 mm< root diameter< 0.3 mm) to total roots of A were higer than those of D, while lower than those of B and C at heading. The proportions of root weight in 0-5 cm,5-10 cm and 10-15 cm soil layers to total roots weight of A were higher than those of B and C, while lower than those of D; however, the proportions of root weight in 15-25 cm,25-35 cm,35-45 cm and 45-55 cm soil layers to the total root weight where lower than those of B and C, while higher than these of D at heading. (3)The total absorbing surface area, active absorbing surface area, bleeding intensity, root oxidation activity, and root reducing activity of A were higher than those of B, C and D. Compared with B. C and D, the indica-japonica hybrid rice of Yongyou series had significant advantage in root-shoot coordination level, root amount, branch structure, root distribution in soil and biological activity in the middle and late growth stage. This peculiarity of A provides an important guarantee to realize the super-high-yield.6.Cooking and eating quality, taste quality, textural propertites and RVA characteristics of A,B,C,D were significantly different. (1) Amylose content, protein content was D>A>B>C, gel consistency was C>B>A>D. (2)Aroma, gloss, taste, mouthfeel and comprehensive wereC>B>A>D; integrity was D>A>B>C. (3)Hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience were D>A>B>C; adhesiveness was C>B>A>D. (4) Peak viscosity. Hot viscosity, Breakdown were C>B>A>D; Consistence, Pasting temperature, Cool viscosity were D>A>B>C. (5) Coefficient of variation analysis showed, there were big difference in the indexes of varieties of comprehensive, mouthfeel, gloss, chewiness, hardness, adhesiveness,consistence, breakdown of rice cultivars with different types.(6)Correlation analyze showed that, there were positive correlations between protein content, amylose content and gloss, taste, mouthfeel, comprehensive, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown:there were integrity, hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness. resilience, cool viscosity, consistence, pasting tempera-ture; gel consistency had a opposite trend. Therefore, this study indicated that the rice eating quality of indica japonica hybrid rice was better than that of indica, but slightly inferior than that of japonica. Amylose and protein content were the key factor to the formation of diffenence.7.Stem lodging resistance and physical and chemical characteristics of rice culm of A,B,C,D were significantly different. (1) Compared with B, C, and D, A had higher value of breaking resistance and bending moment,but the lodging index of A was lower than those of D, while higher than those of B and C. (2)In terms of stem structure characteristics, loading force, springiness, cohesiveness, flexural rigidity, fracturability, hardness,puncture strength, firmness of basal internode of A were higher than that of B, C. and D. (3)Plant height, panicle height, gravity center height, internode diameter, stem cross-sectional area, culm wall cross-sectional area, total area of vascular bundles, area of big vascular bundles and small vascular bundles, the number of big vascular bundles and small vascular bundles of A were the highest among the 4 rice types, stem type index, the relative area of culm wall cross-sectional, big vascular bundles, small vascular bundles of A were lower than those of B and C, while higher than those of D. (4)The content of soluble sugar, starch, cellulose, lignin, K, Si, Ca, Cu. zinc and other chemical composition in stem and sheath of A were lower than those of B and C, but higher than those of D;chemical components such as N, Mg, Fe, Mn content of A were higher than those of B and C. but less than those of D.(5)Correlation analysis showed that lodging index was significant positively correlatied with gravity center height, culm diameter. cross-sectional area; and highly significant positively correlated with relative weight height, culm length, N, Mg, Fe and Mn content:while was significant negatively correlated with starch and Cu content:and highly significant negatively correlated with stem type index. relative stem wall area, the relative area of vascular bundle, the content of soluble sugar, cellulose, lignin. K, Si, Ca and Zn. Therefore, the stem lodging resistance characteristic of indica-japonica hybrid rice of Yongyou series under mechanical transplanting condition was better than that of indica hybrid rice, but less than that of hybrid japonica rice and conventional japonica rice. Differences in physical and chemical charactersitcs of culm was closely related with lodging resistance in rice.8. There was a difference in nutrient accumulation and related physiological and ecological characteristics in A,B.C,D(blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting).(1)from jointing to heading, heading,heading to maturity, at maturity, accumulation of N,P,K,Si showed A> B> C> D trend, while jointing stage showed the opposite trend. Dry matter, leaf area at heading and maturity. net accumulation, photosynthetic potential from jointing to heading and heading to maturity, transpiration rate characteristic parameters, fluorescence parameters, root length, root surface and branch number in the mid-filing stage, showed A> B> C> D. In the mid-filing stage, root length and surface area according to root diameter showed a bimodal distribution, the largest peak of root diameter appeared between japonica and indica type, the peak positions of root diameter for length and surface area expressed D> A> B=C; average rate of change in light and temperature resources for the whole growth period, the communication of light and temperature for whole growth period, from jointing to heading, from heading to maturity, showed A> B> C> D.This paper shows that under machine high-yield cultivation conditions, compared with the control, Yongyou series indica-japonica hybrid rice had a larger nutrient accumulation for Si,N,P,K, which indirectly instructed it had basis for plant nutrition to achieve high yield. From the perspective of collaborative physiological and ecological characteristics. the mechanism of a lot of nutrient accumulation was discussed. |
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