The Study On Discriminative Features Of Turmeric And Turmeric Root Tuber And The Formation Mechanism Of Genuine Discriminative Features

Turmeric and turmeric root tuber (hereinafter referred to as "turmeric root tuber") are medicinal materials from the rhizome and root tuber of Curcuma longa L. respectively. They are genuine medicinal materials produced in Sichuan. But their genuine producing areas are in two different ecological regions in Sichuan. They are the typical samples for studying genuine medicinal materials. The thesis takes them as the study objects and applies the method in combination of indoor analysis and testing, outdoor potting experiment and field experiment to study the discriminative features of turmeric and turmeric root tuber from genuine producing areas of turmeric and turmeric root tuber and the impact of seed of Curcuma longa L., sowing period, climate conditions and soil types on the growth, development, yield and quality of the rhizome and root tuber of Curcuma longa L. in the genuine producing areas of turmeric and turmeric root tuber. It intends to clarify the discriminative features of turmeric and turmeric root tuber and reveals the formation mechanism of genuine discriminative features. The main results are as follows:1. Genuine difference between turmeric and tumeric root tuber.Differences in yield of turmeric and turmeric root tuber.The producing capacities of turmeric and turmeric root tuber of the genuine producing areas of turmeric and turmeric root tuber are obviously different. The genuine producing area of turmeric is superior to the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber in terms of plant height, length of leaf, SPDA value of leaf, and yield of rhizome, but is inferior to the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber in terms of yield and number of root tuber and the ratio of root tuber to rhizome. The differences are extremely remarkable. The difference in the ratio of root tuber to rhizome between both areas is up to 4 times. It indicates that the yielding capacity of turmeric and turmeric root tuber is the major content of genuine discriminative features.Differences in appearance quality of turmeric and turmeric root tuber. There are significant differences in the appearance and quality of turmeric and turmeric root tuber produced in the genuine producing areas of turmeric and turmeric root tuber. The genuine producing area of turmeric is superior to the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber in respect of appearance and quality of turmeric, but is inferior to the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber in respect of appearance and quality of turmeric root tuber. The length and diameter of tender turmeric, and length, diameter and grain weight of old turmeric produced in the genuine producing area of turmeric are obviously better than those of the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber, and the tender and old turmeric is relatively long and thick. The old turmeric is mostly in the form of spindle. The tender and old turmeric produced in the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber is relatively short and the old turmeric is mostly oval. The turmeric root tuber produced in the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber is large and has larger diameter and grain weight that those produced in the genuine producing area of turmeric. The surface is smooth and relatively flat and the size is relatively uniform. The appearance is superior to those produced in the genuine producing area of turmeric.In respect of intrinsic quality, the genuine producing area of turmeric is superior to the genuine producing area of turmeric root tuber in respect of the contents of curcumin, demethoxy curcumin, bisdethoxy curcumin and total content of curcumin. The difference in the content of the major component curcumin and total content of curcumin is obvious; there isn’t difference in the content of volatile oil between the turmeric and turmeric root tuber.2. Impact of climate conditions on growth of turmeric, yield and quality of rhizome and root tuber.For impact on growth of turmeric, seedling emergence in Jianwei is earlier than that in Chongzhou., The plant height, length and width of leaf and width and thickness of stem under the climate type of Jianwei is higher than that under the climate type of Chongzhou; the seedling emergence time and major properties of over ground part of plant are significantly different at different sowing times. The late sowing time will delay the emerging time and result in short emerging time and obviously reduced plant height, number, length and width of leaf and width and thickness of stem.For impact on yield of rhizome and root tuber, the yield of rhizome under the climate type of Jianwei is higher than that under the climate type of Chongzhou, and the properties of rhizome under the climate type of Jianwei are superior than that under the climate type of Chongzhou; the yield of rhizome obviously decreases with the delay in sowing time. The difference in the yield of rhizome between the earliest and latest sowing times is close to 1 time above; relevant analysis of meteorological factor and stepwise regression analysis have shown that the constant temperature, sunshine duration and precipitation during the growth period are closely related with the yield of rhizome. Constant temperature during the growth period is the dominant climate factor affecting the yield of rhizome, followed by precipitation, and is in significant positive correlation with the yield of rhizome. The sowing time has an obvious impact on the yield and number of root tuber above the gray moisture soil, but has no obvious impact on the yield and number of root tuber above the purple soil. The yield and number of root tuber above the gray moisture soil obviously increase with the delay in sowing time, the difference in the yield of root tuber between the earliest and latest sowing times is close to 2 times; and the yield of root tuber above the purple soil decrease with the delay in sowing time, the number of root tuber has no obvious change and is relatively less.For impact on appearance quality of rhizome and root tuber, the properties of rhizome under the climate type of Jianwei are superior than that under the climate type of Chongzhou; The diameter and length of tender turmeric, diameter, length, ratio of length to diameter and grain weight of old turmeric have obvious or extremely obvious difference during sowing time. Those sown earlier have longer and thicker rhizome; the relationship between the properties of rhizome and the meteorological factor is identical to that between the yield of rhizome and the metrological factor. The difference in diameter, grain weight and ratio of diameter to length of root tuber s above the gray moisture soil between different sowing times is obvious or extremely obvious. Those sown latest have optimum properties.For impact on intrinsic quality of rhizome and root tuber, under the two climate types, total content of curcumin in rhizome in Jianwei is higher than that in Chongzhou, total content of curcumin in root tuber in Chongzhou is higher than that in Jinwei, but the differences are not obvious; the proportions of curcumin in rhizome and root tuber under the climate type in Chongzhou are higher than that under the climate type of Jianwei. The delayed sowing time will result in reduced content of curcumin and total curcumin in rhizome and root tuber, increased proportion of curcumin and reduced proportion of bisdethoxy curcumin, while the proportion of demethoxy curcumin is relatively stable. Each meteorological factor isn’t obviously related with the curcumin component content in rhizome, but is closely related with the curcumin component content in root tuber; constant temperature, precipitation and relative humidity during the growth period have a relatively large impact on the total content of curcumin in root tuber, of which constant temperature and relative humidity are the dominant climate factors. During the growth period, constant temperature is in significant positive correlation with the total content of curcumin in root tuber and in significant negative correlation with the relative humidity.3. For impact of soil type on growth, yield and quality of rhizome and root tuber of turmeric, soil type is a critical factor resulting in the difference in the genuine yield, appearance and properties of turmeric and turmeric root tuber.Soil type has an obvious impact on the yield, appearance and quality of rhizome and root tuber of Curcuma longa L. and is the critical factor resulting in the difference in the genuine yield, appearance and properties of turmeric and turmeric root tuber, and its impact is greater than that of climate type. However, its impact on the content of curcumin and other components in the rhizome and root tuber of Curcuma longa L. is not obvious. Soil type has an obvious impact on the yield of rhizome and root tuber and the number of root tuber of the underground part of Curcuma longa L. The yield of rhizome in purple soil is larger than that in gray moisture soil, the yield and number of root tuber in which are obviously higher that those in the purple soil. The average yield of rhizome in purple soil is nearly 1.5 times that in the gray moisture soil. The yield and number of root tuber in purple soil are relatively low. Each pot can only produce 2-4 root tubers of 3.28-3.55g. The yield and number of root tuber are only 0.29 and 0.45 times those in gray moisture soil. The differences in terms of physical characteristics, e.g. volume-weight, porosity and proportion of viscous sand, between the soils of the genuine producing areas of turmeric and turmeric root tuber are the dominant soil factors resulting in the differences in genuine yield of turmeric and turmeric root tuber.The turmeric produced in purple soil is thick and has superior appearance and properties, while the turmeric root tuber is mostly not full and has an uneven surface. The turmeric root tuber produced in gray moisture soil is large and full. The content of curcumin and other components in the rhizome and root tuber produced in purple soil is higher that in gray moisture soil, while the difference is not obvious. The differences in terms of physical characteristics, e.g. volume-weight, porosity and proportion of viscous sand, between the soils of the genuine producing areas of turmeric and turmeric root tuber are the dominant soil factors resulting in the differences in appearance quality of turmeric and turmeric root tuber.