| Wheat production is threatened by water shortages and groundwater over-draft in the North China Plain (NCP). Water resources shortage in North China, the development of water-saving cultivation of wheat is of great significance, suitable late sowing (from the traditional winter before 6 Ye Jian for winter 5 to 3 leaves) is an important technical measures for water saving. The main cropping system in the area for the continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer corn cropping and cotton or Capsicum rotation. Crop rotation of winter wheat sowing perennial in late October to mid November, before winter leaf 0-3 leaves, Super Late Sowing Winter wheat. Study on biological characteristics of Super Late Sowing Winter Wheat and water saving and high yield and high efficiency cultivation is very little, especially for extreme late sowing wheat (winter 0 to 1 leaves, commonly known as "the earth") is in the research blank. This paper to extreme late sowing wheat, which is a special production type as the focal point, through limited irrigation in the settings for different sowing dates and varieties in field comparison experiment to study the extreme late sowing winter wheat growth and development, yield formation and water and nitrogen use characteristics, discusses its application in water saving cultivation and regulation mode and get the following results:1. Extreme late sowing wheat growth performance for preparation time is short, in the middle and later period of steady, slow aging; individuals are characterized by low tillering, short internodes, lower leaves small plant type characteristics; group performance was the basic seedling, spike rate high, green and efficient area of a high proportion of the population characteristics. With the delay of sowing date, to speed up the process of winter wheat growth, low before jointing stage of growth duration and temperature, but jointing, flowering, especially flowering to maturity stage of growth duration and temperature basically stable; plant height, ear height, especially the reducing of internode, single stem leaf area, leaf area, especially lower reduction of leaf area, leaf area, ratio of leaf weight and flag leaf and non leaf organs area ratio increased, flowering leaf area index, decreased the ineffective tillers, florescence is non leaf organs area proportion, filling in the middle of the leaf area index and spike rate increased. In the extreme late sowing condition, water treatment, Wl treatment and WO treatment compared to prolong the jointing to anthesis, especially the growth period after anthesis, improve the structure and quality of leaf and stem, delayed leaf senescence, and W2 had no difference between varieties; processing, Jimai 22 and Weixian No.8 wheat flowering and harvest of Hengshui than 4399 at 2 D, which has a short and wide upper leaves, middle leaves small leaf area, moderate, lower leaf length and width, leaf area, leaf leaf area of each leaf is moderate, specific leaf weight, leaf area accounted for more than non leaf organs, plant height, ear length, ear height was moderate, internode diameter, characteristics at late grain filling stage. Higher leaf area index.2 the late sowing wheat material accumulation showed the early stage, the later stage, the harvest index was high, and the grain weight and yield of the 1 water conditions were not decreased. With the delay of sowing date, a model of water in different sowing period production remained stable, extreme late sowing winter wheat in spite of grain number per spike decreased, but stable number of panicles per unit area,1000 grain weight, and even increased, and still be able to obtain higher yield level, three years to achieve an average 7.90 t HA-1. Compared with the early sowing treatment, the amount of material accumulation, the spike index and harvest index of the late sowing winter wheat were the key to obtain higher grain weight and stable yield. Extreme late sowing cultivation conditions, water treatment, treatment W1 and WO treatment compared to the pre anthesis and anthesis in biomass accumulation, grain number per spike and 1000 grain weight were increased, and than treatment W2 increased before anthesis transport, flower biomass accumulation unchanged and 1000 grain weight were increased, and then obtained were significantly higher than that of W0 and not less than treatment W2 yield; extreme late sowing cultivation conditions, cultivars and treatments, Jimai 22 in two modes of Wl and W2 has highest flower biomass accumulation, ear index and harvest index and 1000 grain weight, so as to obtain the highest yield. Further analysis showed that the higher grain weight of wheat was mainly due to the longer filling period, especially the longer active filling stage and higher filling rate during the later stage of filling stage. In the late grain filling stage, the photosynthetic rate of wheat and wheat not only had higher light interception rate, but also had higher photosynthetic activity, which may be the main reason for the longer filling period and higher filling rate of the late 22.3 the water consumption characteristics of extreme late sowing wheat showed that the early stage was less, and the water use efficiency increased with the decrease of total water consumption and the proportion of water consumption. With the delay of sowing date, the water consumption under the limited water irrigation was significantly reduced, and the extreme late sowing treatment was the lowest. Reduce the water consumption is mainly due to seeding, jointing stage consumption intensity of water and water consumption caused by decreased, but flowering mature stage water consumption and consumption intensity of water in Wl increased; accordingly, flowering to maturity stage of consumption water coefficient and water use efficiency showed increasing trend in extreme late sowing treatment was the highest. Extreme late sowing cultivation conditions, water treatment, treatment W1 and W0 treatment compared after flowering stage water consumption, water consumption intensity and modulus of water consumption, total water consumption increased significantly, compared with the W2, after anthesis soil water consumption increased significantly, and eventually won the highest water use efficiency; between cultivars Jimai 22 and Hengshui 4399 compared to water consumption is higher, and Weimai 8 compared to use of deep soil moisture, and the more individual and population of secondary root number coincide, eventually won the highest water use efficiency. Correlation analysis showed that high moisture using efficiency and higher spike rate, ear index, after anthesis accumulation ratios, after anthesis accumulation contribution to grain rate, after anthesis water consumption coefficient and the whole growth stage and pre flowering and flowering spike dry matter water production efficiency is closely related to the.4. Extreme late sowing wheat nitrogen features as the pre anthesis is less, spend after steady, nitrogen harvest index and use efficiency is high, the grain quality improvement.With the delay of sowing date, under limited irrigation water absorbing nitrogen amount and nitrogen partial factor productivity showed a decreasing trend, in the late solid seeding treatment is the lowest. Total amount of N absorption decreased mainly by sheath + stem + leaf and spike stalk and glume N uptake caused by reduced, the use of nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen rate is showing a rising trend, with extreme late sowing treatment was the highest. Extreme late sowing cultivation conditions, water treatment, which treatment W1 and W2 treatment compared with similar total ceiling amount of nitrogen, grain nitrogen uptake and nitrogen received goods index and nitrogen partial factor productivity, higher nitrogen use efficiency, and were significantly higher than those in WO treatment; different varieties and Jimai 22 in W1 and W2 moisture model with and Weimai 8 no significant difference and was significantly higher than that of Hengshui 4399 total N uptake was significantly higher than the Weimai 8 and Hengshui 4399 grain nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity. In addition, with the delay of sowing date, the protein content, wet gluten content and sedimentation value of wheat under limited water irrigation showed a gradually increasing trend. In the extreme late sowing cultivation, the grain protein content, wet gluten content and sedimentation value of W1 treatment were not significantly different with WO treatment, and significantly higher than W2 treatment.5. Extreme late sowing wheat with high density, irrigation 1 and panicle type varieties can be chieved with high yield, good quality and high water and nitrogen use efficiency of harmonization. A water model under extreme late sowing quality cultivation of high yield and high efficiency: using Jimai 22 as materials, the spring water pouring 1 (drawn water,75 mm), at the end of 157.5 kg N HA-1 chemical fertilizer conditions, through extreme late sowing (November 10th sowing with about 800 grains of high density m-2), the average yield of three years up to 7.90 t HA-1 for three years, the average water consumption is 360 mm, the three year average water use efficiency reached 2.19 kg M-3, average total nitrogen was 182.6 kg N HA-1, average nitrogen use efficiency reached 38.94 kg kg-1 N, two years of nitrogen partial productivity reached 49.39 kg kg-1 N for two years, the average grain protein and wet gluten content and sedimentation value reached 14.27%, 34.33% and 52.62 mL respectively.According to the comprehensive study, the optimum sowing date and density combination of different water saving mode based on the high efficiency and high yield of water and nitrogen are different. Under extreme late sowing cultivation conditions, the water model of spring water and variety of wheat 22 were the suitable irrigation systems and varieties in this study, which could achieve the unity of the synergy between yield and quality and water and nitrogen use efficiency. |
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