| The soil is the basis for healthy growth of ginseng, effect the secondary metabolic activities and synthesis of ginsenoside, the soil nutrients directly affect the yield and quality of ginseng, play a dominant role in the growth process; through studied on the main parameters of soil nutrients in the root zone element, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial diversity of the wild ginseng, wild ginseng under forest and in farmland in the system, defined characteristics of ginseng root zones of soil in different growth mode, while studied wild ginseng, wild ginseng under forest and farmland the effective components of ginseng cultivation characteristics. The main results are as follows:1. In order to understand soil nutrient properties of ginseng, we studied the pH value of the soil of ginseng as well as the contents and validity of organic matter and NPK, mechanism of action of nutrient was also studied. The soil of ginseng from separate sources differs in pH value and contents of nutrient. There are some differences in different levels of rhizosphere of ginseng, the soil of rhizosphere differs that of contrast too. It shows concretely as follows:The soil pH decreased was ranges from4.82 to 6.46. There is a gradient descent in the contents of organic matter and NPK. The suitable content of soil organic matter for the growth of wild ginseng ranges from 102.55g/kg to 528.58g/kg; the suitable content of total nitrogen content ranges from 5.23g/kg to 16.84g/kg; the suitable content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen ranges from 42.20 mg/kg to 141.19mg/kg; the suitable content of total phosphorus ranges from 0.15 g/kg to 0.26g/kg; the suitable content of rapidly available phosphorus ranges from 20.96 mg/kg to 55.44mg/kg; the suitable content of total potassium ranges from 3.22 g/kg to 10.30g/kg; the suitable content of available potassium ranges from 290.3 mg/kg to 970.4 mg/kg. The Total and avalable N:P:K was respectively 2.20～9.68:1:30.57～50.34 and 1.60～ 2.55:1:10.32～21.81,and the soil of ginseng under forest that the Total and avalable N:P:K was respectively 21.43～44.05:1:49.68～77.83 and 0.61-4.49:1:8.31～31.78.The soil pH decreased in the growth area of cultivated ginseng, the optimum pH ranges from5.17 to 5.54. The suitable content of soil organic matter for the growth of understory wild ginseng ranges from 17.5g/kg to 27.7g/kg; the suitable content of total nitrogen content ranges from 1.63g/kg to1.85g/kg; the suitable content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen ranges from 11.91 mg/kg to 18.43mg/kg; the suitable content of total phosphorus ranges from 0.09g/kg to 0.11g/kg; the suitable content of rapidly available phosphorus ranges from 10.03 mg/kg to 18.85mg/kg; the suitable content of total potassium ranges from 10.28g/kg to 11.18 g/kg; the suitable content of available potassium ranges from 480.8mg/kg to649.7 mg/kg. The Total and avalable N:P:K was respectively 1.72～1.96:1:91.90～13.40 and 0.73～1.20:1:33.93～94.54.2. Bioactive substances is the participants and promoters of all the biochemical reactions in soil, we can determination the enzymatic activity of ginseng soil urease, invertase, phosphatase and catalase with enzymatic reaction, and analyzes the mechanism of action between the activity, as follows: The enzymatic activity is high and low of wild ginseng root zone in different soil layer, suitable for wild ginseng urease activity changes in the range 1.39 mg/g～1.63 mg/g/d, the invertase changes in range 6.307 mg/g～23.34 mg/g, but invertase activity of root zone soil is lower than the control, the phosphatase activity changes in the range 45.63mg/g-56.52mg/g and is higher than the corresponding control, the catalase changes in range 0.88g/ml～0.96g/ml.The enzyme activities of farmland soil is below wild ginseng and wild ginseng under forest soil, the invertase activity of farmland soil is much higher than the control soil content and very significant. Different year-old ginseng soil and levels of activity show the surface> root> bottom, sucrose、phosphatase and catalase activity are in the same annual trend, all show inverted "V" shape, the annual trend of activity was inverted "V" shaped, the enzymatic activity of 2 years old are the highest, it is respectively 16.70 mg/g/d,8.31mg/g/d and 0.55ml/g/20min; the urease activity quite variation with growth ginseng, the root activity "H" shape changes, minimum 2 years of enzyme activity is 0.55 mg/g/d,3 years old is up to 2.13 mg/g/d,The correlation analysis of soil enzyme activity on wild ginseng under forest and farmland show that the invertase, urease and phosphatase activity of wild ginseng under forest are significant correlation, the farmland catalase and urease are irrelevant, but the invertase and phosphatase are extremely significant correlation3. Soil microorganisms are the main decomposers in the soil, promoting the decomposition and transformation of nutrients. By using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), we evaluate the soil microorganisms of ginseng, and further determine the community structure and composition of them. Results are as follows:The community structure of wild ginseng soil is stable. Microbial biomass of wild ginseng growing areas has reduced. And the proportion of the species group has changed. Fungi are the dominant specie in the communities. To compare with the growths year after year, the root zone community structures of wild ginseng under forest are similar. However, the differences of the proportion of the species group have more variation. After 15 years old, the specie group of the ginseng tends to stabilization. With the ginseng in the farmland growing year after year, the microbial biomass increases, the community structure and proportion of the microorganism change, and the stability of the community becomes bad.4. Ginsenoside is the major active substance in quality appraisals of ginseng. We found out the distinction among different kinds of ginseng. The main findings were as followsrall 9 common ginsenoside can be found in wild ginseng, Woodland cultivated ginseng and Cropland cultivated ginseng. Wild ginseng has the highest content of Ginsenoside Re as 6.54mg/g,; Woodland cultivated ginseng contains the highest amount of Rbl as 6.07mg/g; Cropland cultivated ginseng contains the highest amount of Re as 4.53mg/g, while the coefficient of differentiation is 0.904.5. Quantitative evaluation of soil fertility quality of the soil nutrients, soil bulk, soil enzyme, and soil microbial community in soil of wild ginseng(WG), understory wild ginseng(UWG) and farmland ginseng was carried out with the IFI method (soil fertility integrated index) for comprehended the difference of the soil fertility in different growth patterns. Soil organic matter, total and available NPK, soil enzymes, soil bulk density and soil microbial quantity were S-type membership function. The IFI value was highest(72.701),The IFI value indicate the most suitable soil ecological environmental conditions for ginseng. |
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