| Irrigated agriculture is typical of agricultural development in most arid and semi-arid areas., development of water-saving irrigation has an extremely important position in the building system of agriculture, forestry and eco-construction, in future the inevitable trend of irrigation development is efficient, accurate, water-saving. At present, fruit tree planting area has reached nearly 23 million acres in Xinjiang, Jujube planting area had exceeded 7 million acres, that became one of the main cultivated species of fruit tree in Xinjiang, the Jujube mainly distributed Tarim Basin of arid areas. Currently, the Jujube irrigation methods include flooding irrigation, furrow irrigation, drip irrigation(Young trees) in Xinjiang. With the development of the social economy, water-saving irrigation requirements was improved, drip irrigation continuously increase. But now the drip irrigation techniques was not applied to middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, in particular, that can not achieve the effective, accurate, saving water. Irrigation study found, irrigator as one of the most effective, accurate, water-saving irrigation methods, it was pursued at domestic and foreign. At present, irrigator technology and grouped equipment are not widely used. In this context, how to improve water use efficiency of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ under irrigator in Xinjiang and use of limited water resources to achieve scientific irrigation, it has become a urgent problem of Jujube industrial production.According to the characteristics of Xinjiang fruit industry production is facing shortage of water resources in reality, this paper is based on the national public welfare industry special projects, rely on the national patent for well-type irrigation and other related patents. Study on the method of well-type irrigation for middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ in Jujube demonstration base of Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences. Analysis the distribution characteristics of root system, water movement process of different dripper discharge and irrigation duration under well-type irrigation, photosynthetic characteristics of Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ under well-type irrigation, systematic study on tree sap flow characteristics and surface evaporation under well-type irrigation. By comparing the fruit yield and quality under well-type irrigation and flooding irrigation, further confirm the effect of well-type irrigation for fruit yield and quality, achieved the following results:(1) Through the root digging experiment of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, the absorption root was distributed in the horizontal distance 10~160cm and the vertical distance 0~400cm of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, in the horizontal direction, the closer the distance to the trunk, the more concentrated the root distribution. Root length density and root surface area density were power function relationship with horizontal and vertical distance, R2 above 0.94. Root distribution of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ in horizontal direction is mainly concentrated(cumulative percentage of root 70~80%) in 0~125cm, root distribution of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ in vertical direction is mainly concentrated(cumulative percentage of root 70~80%) in 10~70cm. The absorption root was distributed in the horizontal distance 10~160cm and the vertical distance 0~400cm of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, root length density and root surface area density were power function relationship with horizontal and vertical distance, R2 above 0.81. Root distribution large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ in horizontal direction is mainly concentrated(cumulative percentage of root 70~80%) in 0~150cm, root distribution of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ in vertical direction is mainly concentrated(cumulative percentage of root 70~80%) in 10~90cm.(2) Study on well-type irrigation(one pipe) provides a theoretical basis for application of well-type irrigation in middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, according to the root distribution characteristics of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’. Determine the well-type irrigation test of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ should choose two pipes, and the dripper discharge set as 8L/h,12L/h and irrigation duration set as 8h,12 h,16h. Determine the well-type irrigation test of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ should choose four pipes, and the dripper discharge set as 8L/h,12L/h and irrigation duration set as 6h,8h,12 h,16h.(3) Study on water transport law test of well-type irrigation(two pipes) for middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ about sand soil. Determine appropriate the dripper discharge was 8L/h, irrigation duration was 16 h and dripper discharge was 12L/h, irrigation duration was 12 h,16h under well-type irrigation of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’. Because of well-type irrigation use of conventional dripper, druing use it will damage that cause the flow rate increases, suggest us should choose small flow about dripper.So choose the dripper discharge was 8L/h and irrigation duration was 16 h under well-type irrigation of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’.(4) Study on water transport law test of well-type irrigation(four pipes) for large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ about sand soil. Determine appropriate the dripper discharge was 8L/h, irrigation duration was 12 h and dripper discharge was 12L/h, irrigation duration was 10 h,12h under well-type irrigation of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’.In order to stable principle of soil moisture content and high efficiency water saving, so choose the dripper discharge was 12L/h and irrigation duration was 12 h under well-type irrigation of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’.(5)The photosynthetic parameters of fruit development, fruit setting, fruit maturity, flowering is larger under well-type irrigation of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’. The photosynthetic characteristics of various growth periods had little effect under well-type irrigation of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, after reducing the total amount of irrigation, the middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ is not subjected to drought stress. Contrast the average parameters of photosynthetic characteristics of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ under well-type irrigation and flooding irrigation, we know, there were significant differences in Pn, Gs(P<0.01) of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ under well-type irrigation and flooding irrigation. There were no significant differences in Ci, Tr and WUE.There were significant differences in Pn(P<0.01) of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ under well-type irrigation and flooding irrigation.The Pn of well-type irrigation was 11.6% higher than flood irrigation, others photosynthetic parameters there were no significant differences.(6)The water consumption of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’under well-type irrigation more than flood irrigation. Under well-type irrigation, one plant of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ water consumption was 4.68m3 in whole growing season, the total water consumption of 388.44 m3 per mu. Under flood irrigation, one plant of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ water consumption was 4.36m3 in whole growing season, the total water consumption of 362 m3 per mu. Under well-type irrigation, one plant of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ water consumption was 7.62m3 in whole growing season, the total water consumption of 320.04 m3 per mu. Under flooding irrigation, one plant of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ water consumption was 7.21m3 in whole growing season, the total water consumption of 302.82 m3 per mu.(7) Under well-type irrigation, one plant of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ ground surface evaporating capacity is 1201.72 L in whole growing season, the total surface evaporation of 99.74m3 per mu. Under flooding irrigation, one plant of middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ ground surface evaporating capacity is 3368.04 L in whole growing season, the total surface evaporation of 279.55m3 per mu. Under well-type irrigation, one plant of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ ground surface evaporating capacity is 4193.36 L in whole growing season, the total surface evaporation of 176.12 m3 per mu. Under flooding irrigation, one plant of large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ ground surface evaporating capacity is 5777.38 L in whole growing season, the total surface evaporation of 242.65m3 per mu.(8)The middle-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ after well-type irrigation, flooding irrigation,drip irrigation treatment, the highest yield per plant for well-type irrigation, the maximum per fruit weight for flooding irrigation, but there were no significant differences between the two. The large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’ after well-type irrigation, flooding irrigation treatment, the highest yield per plant for well-type irrigation, the maximum per fruit weight for flooding irrigation, there were no significant differences between the two. Well-type irrigation and flood irrigation under different contents of trace elements are not significant.To summariz, well-type irrigation technology not only greatly reduces the total amount of irrigation, and reduces the amount of surface evaporation in the irrigation process for application of middle-diameter and large-diameter Ziziphus Jujuba ‘Huizao’, but also improve the water use efficiency. at the same time, there is no weakening of the tree photosynthesis and water absorption capacity, compared with flood irrigation that there was no significant difference in fruit yield and fruit quality. Consequently, well-type irrigation is a new irrigation technology of high efficiency and precision. |
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