| Landscape pattern analysis and ecological evaluation are the two close-connection links in the application field of landscape ecology. They are also the precondition of understanding landscape correctly, protecting and developing landscape resource efficently and reasonably, respectively. This study analysed and evaluated the landscape pattern, community characteristics, forest ecological service function, forest health condition of Yabuli forest park in terms of GIS technology, the second forest resource investigation data in 2014 of the park, phase diagrams and contour map with the map scale of 1:25000, ecological and landscape ecological research methods, and the field investigation data. According to the problems of landscape pattern in Yabuli forest park, concrete optimization and sustainable management measures were also pointed out in this study, in order to provide scientific references of sustainable management and landscape construction.The main results were as follows:(1) Seventeen landscape representative parameters were caculated, calssified and analysed by Fragstats landscape analysis software. First landscape of Yabuli forest park was divided into 10 classes, and the second (forest landscape) was 18 classes. In the second landscape, forest landscape occupied 74.50% of the park area, and controlled landscape structure and ecological function of the park. Following was farmland (11.49%). Other patchs mounted among the forest and farmland. Broadleaved mixed forest was the main part of the forest landscape, which was 24.76% of the forest area. Following were linden forest (17.57%) and larch forest (8.82%). The forest landscape was composed mainly by natural secondary forest (85.22%), among which young growth was the main part (48.70%).Landscape pattern was affected significantly by topographic factors.51.46% of forest landscape distributed mainly between 400 and 600m altitude,83.01% distributed in slope land less than 25°,85.20% distributed in shady slope, half shady slope and half-sunny slope. It distributed mostly in shady slope.In the patch scale of all landscape elements, patch number and mean square of farmland landscape patch were 85 and 19.4, respectively, indicating that there was high landscape fragmentation degree. Among the forest landscape, color forest patch distributed concentratedly, showing better integrity; birch patch distributed dispersedly and had serve fragmentation. The shape index of forest in first landscape was 2.02, and it had the highest patch fractal dimension (1.34), indicating that the forest edge shape was complex and winding. The shape index of Mongolian pine forest in second landscape was 2.22, and its highest patch fractal dimension was 1.35, which indicated that the shape of its landscape was complex. In index analysis of landscape heterogeneity, the landscape type was multiplicity, there was relatively higher landsacpe heterogeneity degree with low fragmentation degree. In interrelation analysis of landscape elements, the elements distributed relatively more homogeneous, and distributed agglomeratedly. However, some elements distributed dispersedly. In landscape diversity, the landscape type diversity index of Yabuli forest park was 2.66, which was not high, and the advantage landscape was obvious.(2) According to community investigation data, larch had the highest important value (0.64), while broadleaved mixed forest in boradleaved forest had the highest important value (0.72). The results indicated that coniferous forest and broadleaved mixed forest was more suitable for the local site condition. There were no obvious differences of species richness index, species diversity index, community evenness and ecological dominance. The former three indices of broadleaved forest was higher than coniferous forest. Ecological dominance had negative correlation with community diversity index and evenness.(3) Soil organic matter content, total nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus were between 2.12%,0.16%,0.87%,0.019%and 11.23%,0.75%,2.21%,0.11%, respectively. pH values showed that the soil was from weak acidic to acidic. Soil nutrient concentration of coniferous forest were higher than that in broadleaved forest.(4) The forest ecological service function of Yabuli forest park was evaluated in terms of forest production value, biomass, mean productivity, carbon storage, oxygen release, water conservation, soil conservation, air purification, biodiversity protection and forest recreation. The results showed that total value of forest ecological service function of Yabuli forest park was 452.366 million RMB/a·hm2. The indices order function evaluation was soil conservation (32.8%)> water conservation (29.6%)> forest recreation (13.8%)> biodiversity protection (10.3%)> air purification (6.0%)> forest production value (4.1%)> carbon storage and oxygen release (3.4%).There were great differences of forest ecological service function among different forest types. Fir forest had the highest ecological service function value (148,000 RMB/a·hm2), followed by coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest and open forest, which were 99,000 RMB/a·hm2 and 26,000 RMB/a·hm2, respectively.(5) Five aspects and twenty-six indices, which involved landscape structure index, community characteristic index, resistance, site condition and forest ecological service function, were selected to evaluate the forest landscape health synthetically in terms of principal component analysis and SPSS software. The synthetical evaluating value of landscape health was 0.72, indicating that the landscape health degree of Yabuli forest park was in the sub-healthy upper region.(6) According to the exsiting problems of forest landscape in Yabuli forest park, optimizing objects and principles were proposed. Optimizing and sustainable management measures were also provided. The comparison before and after spatial pattern optimizaion of forest and farmland was analysed, and the results indicated that distribution pattern of the two landscapes was more reasonable after optimization. |
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