| The plants in genus Garcinia (Clusiaceae) are trees or shrubs, usually with yellow latex. There are about 450 species around the world, in which 20 species (13 endemic) occur in China, mainly distributed in Southern China including Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Taiwan and other provinces. The fruits of most Garcinia species are edible, such as the well-known tropical fruit from G. mangostana. A number of Garcinia species are used as medicine for a long history. For example, gamboges resin is a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of skin ulcer, hemorrhoids, tumor, dense tinea, bruises, bleeding and burns. Also, some species are used as wild edible fruit or ethnomedicine by many of ethnic groups in tropical areas of China. However, systematic study on Chinese native Garcinia species was still limited. The distribution of plant resources, traditional knowledge of utilization, material foundation of efficacy and metabolic profiling among the species should be investigated. In this project, multidisciplinary field including ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmarcology and plant metabolomics were conducted for the aims to i) study metabolic constituents of Chinese native Garcinia species; ii) discovery new or lead natural products; iii) illuminate the structure-activity relationship; iv) explain and verify traditional medicinal knowledge; and developing and supporting the value of economic and medicine of Garcinia species. The main results and conclusion as below:I. Based on ethnobotanical investigated on Garcinia species in South China, 42 samples of 13 species including G. bracteata, G. cowa, G. lancilimba, G. mangostana, G. multiflora, G. nujiangensis, G. oblongifolia, G. paucinervis, G. pedunculata, G. subelliptica, G. xanthochymus, G. xipshuanbannaensis, and G. yunnanensis were collected and obtained the inventory of their traditional utilization. Local ethnic people widely use Garcinia species for their multi-function of edible, medicine, wood and ornamental. Most of Garcinia species in China are still living in the wild. The cultivation and base research on Garicnia plants resource are required.Ⅱ. To investigate the chemical constituents of Garcinia oblongifolia fruits. Serial of chromatographic methods including silica gel, sephadex LH-20 column, HSCCC, and HPLC were used to isolate and purify chemical constituents. Their structures were elucidated based on MS and NMR. As a result,5 compounds which were identified as oblongifolia C, oblongifolia A, volkensiflavone, GB-la and β-sitosterol, respectively, volkensiflavone and GB-la were isolated from the plant for the first time. This finding provides an important evidence to reveal the chemical constituents of this wild edible fruits.Ⅲ. Merging zebrafish bioassay-guide and UPLC-QTOF-MS based chemometric statistical analysis (untargeted principal components analysis, PCA; orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA) to reduplicate the angiogenic activity compounds from Garcinia xanthochymus fruits. Amentoflavone, a biflavonoid was predicted by this analysis to have activity, which have further confirmed by the RT-PCR method to show the inhibition of angiogenesis. This report bifavonoids demonstrated anti-angiogenesis effect on zebrafish model for the first time. In addition, our study results suggest that G. xanthochymus fruits might have a potential for the anti-angiogenensis efficacy.Ⅳ. Garcinia paucinervis is an endangered Chinese Garcinia speices, its useful wood, the roots, leaves and bark can also used as a folk medicine. We described a strategy of UPLC-QTOF-MSE technique to tentatively identify the known and uncharacterized benzophenones of interest based upon the characteristic fragmentation ions. Thirth-one UPLC-QTOF-MSE peaks appear to contain benzophenone derivatives, and 12 of these peaks contain compounds not previously identified from G. paucinervis seed extracts. Targeted isolation of unidentified compounds of interest afforded 5 new benzophenone derivatives, named as paucinones E-I (1-5), as supported by MS, NMR and ECD spectroscopes. paucinone G (3) and paucinone H (4) exhibited significant cytotoxicity to multiple breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3, with IC50 values in the range of 15.70-23.23 μM and 10.34-19.02μM, respectively, UPLC-QTOF-MSE method is an efficient strategy for determinding, characterizing, and isolating new benzophenones from Garcinia species. These results provided a scientific study to support the medicinal value of G. paucinervis.V. Comparative metabolomics and bioactivities of the leaf, branch, and fruit of G. oblongifolia were investigated. A total of 40 compounds including biflavonoids, xanthones, and benzophenones were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS and MSE methods, including 15 compounds reported for the first time from this species. Heatmap analyses found that benzophenones, xanthones, and biflavonoids were predominately found in branches, with benzophenones present in relatively high concentrations in all three plant parts. The cytotoxic (MCF-7 breast cancer cell line) and antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH chemical tests) activities of the crude extracts of G. oblongifolia indicate that the branch extract exhibits greater bioactivity than either the leaf or the fruit extracts. OPLS-DA analysis was used to find 12 markers compounds, mainly xanthones, from the branch, including well-known antioxidants and cytotoxic agents. The results revealed that the variation in metabolite profiles can be correlated to the differences in bioactivity of the three plant parts investigated.VI. Metabolic profiles of Chinese native Garcinia species using UPLC-QTOF-MS, to investigate the chemical metabolites of species in the context of different distribution and economic use. We optimized UPLC-QTOF-MS to analyze the chemical fingerprints of Garcinia speices. PCA, targeted partial least squares (PLS), and OPLS-DA models were performed to analyze a total of 42 samples of 13 species.12 species (except the cultivated G. mangostana) were gathered into three clusters, which have a similar trend to the classification based on Flora of China. PCA score pattern showed that endemic species to China and non endemic species, edible and non-edible species were significant differences, while medicinal use and non-medicinal use species were no differences, indicated that they have the similar metabolic profiles. Thus, the metabolic profiles of Garcinia species have relationship with their distribution and function.This project was a new research attempt of the study on modern ethnobotany, mainly hightlighted the modern technologies apply in the research of Garcinia species. Especially, we emphasized an important UPLC-QTOF-MS based combine with photochemical, pharmacology, to study Chinese native Garcinia species. The study has covered the metabolic constituents and bioactive of specific organ, different parts of plant, and different Garcinia species. It was an effective strategy to discover the lead bioactive compounds, to evaluate and verify the traditional knowledge of local people. And therefore supported modern ethnobotany has broad application and more practical value. In addition, our work is critical in economic and medicinal use, quality control, germplasm resources, wild resource reversion, tradition knowledge, the sustainable utilization and protection of Garcinia species. |
PDF Full Text Request