Theory And Empirical Study On Land Ethic

Since the industrial revolution, especially the high-speed economic development since the20th century, due to economic development and the progress of science and technology, human just regard the land as an object that satisfy their desire, cognition, modification and conquer, human is in charge of the relationship between people and land, and the relationship is the object of reforming and being reformed. Land problem of desertification, soil and water loss, soil pollution and land resource shortage extended from the local to the whole world, from the regional to the global, being a center problem of influence modernist survival and development, and is becoming increasingly fierce. The land problem has already become the focus of modern society, and land crisis promote people to overall thinking and exploring of the sustainable development of human society.Land ethics is an important part of social ethics, is an outcome of human society developed to a certain stage. Land ethic bears the functions of regulate the land utilization, stable economic, political and ecological order, and guide the land custom. Discusses the evolution history and connotation of China’s land ethic, construct land ethical framework, both on the crossover development of land and ethics, and the sustainable development of economy, politics, culture and ecological, there are theoretical value and practical significance.Paper start from the research background of land ethics:land crisis, ethics abnormal and value lack, general describe the position and relevant categories of land ethic, discover the historical evolution and explore the profound, put forward the connotation and characteristics of land value, principle and standard, and on this basis, construct a set of land ethic system. Mainly include the following content:Firstly, paper defined the concept, characteristic and classification of land ethic, elaborated the causes of modern land ethics. Land ethic refers that, in human activities, with the standard of vice-virtue and promoted social progress, evaluate and adjust the value orientation, ethical principle, standard and norm of the relationship between human and land, it has the characteristics of stratified, dynamic development, relative stability, comprehensive, practical, standardization, not mandatory, altruism and historical heritage. In the successively victory of human conquest nature, land problem increasingly exposed, this is no longer just because of culture, but more importantly are land crisis, value distortion and ethical anomie, thus cause land ethic.Second, review the historical process of land ethic evolution and summarize its regulation. The historical evolution of land ethics experienced the land worship of primitive society, land political of slavery society, land property of feudal society, land economic of capitalist society and land ecological of socialist society. While our traditional land ethic has a long history, including the thought of ZhouYi that man is an integral part of nature, The Confucian of benevolence the land, The Taoism of respect the land, The Buddhism of human and land equal, The Legalist of government by law. From the track of land ethics development can be seen that the development of land ethic follow the regulars that from simple to complex, from the unwritten rules to written, from scattered to focus, from mingle to relatively independent and couple with economic development.Third, elaborated the dilemma of modern land crisis management and generation of land ethical. At present, our country faces serious land crisis, in order to defuse the crisis, established relevant legislation, enhance market regulation and improve government administrative efficiency etc. But in fact, the effect of these means is not obvious, and exist the dilemma of market and policy failure, the reason is we overlook the power of ethics, not attention the effect of land ethic in resolving the crisis of the land. On this basis, emphatically expound the causes of natural, ideological, realistic and system in land ethic.Fourth, construct the framework of land ethic. This part is the key and difficult in this paper, mainly expound the value, principle and norm of land ethics.(1)Land ethic value is a specific application and performance that moral value in the relationship between human and land, is the core concept of land ethic system, is the meaning of land ethic to the human, is the meet of land ethic to the need of people, and it also is the absolutely beyond pointing of people to the land ethic. Land ethic is not a single goal in value selection, but to seek a standard that economic, ecological and social unity and comprehensive. Therefore, paper expounds the land value choice of economic ecological and social dimensions emphatically, the unity of three dimensions reflect both pursue of subject value and the objective law of development, it is the unity of purpose and regularity.(2)The principle of land ethic is the basic principle and norm that we adjust land ethic relationship should follow. It has the characteristics of generality, stability, guidance and fundamental. The land of ethical principles mainly includes fairness principle, ecological principles, efficiency principle and people-oriented principle, concretely speaking:fairness principle refers to Intra-generational fair, intergenerational fair, ecological fair and repair fair, they are the interdependence and organic unity. The ecological principles require people should not for the purpose of economic output to get into the ecological consumption, but to use labor, management and technology to get more output of social, economic and ecological for purpose. The sustainable development principle of land ethic demand people think about the human-land relationship through human overall interests and long-term interests, through the rational dialogue, relay on the justice principle, determine the ethic norm of land use have common constrain force. The people-oriented principle of land ethical require land ethic should based on the fundamental of maintain the overall interests of human and the fundamental interests, only obey and serve the land ethic of people need, can truly help people to properly deal with the land problem that contemporary human face, which is different from the ethnocentrism.(3)Land ethic norm is the standard that people should follow in the land utilization and handling of the relationship between human and land, it main contain the forms of icon (totem), contraindication, customs, rituals, criterion, proverbs, obligations and responsibilities. The contents of land ethic norm include respect and treat well the land, concern to individuals and humanity, as well as care on current and contemplate future. Among them, the land of public ethics and land vocational ethics are the two important aspects of land ethic norm. Land public ethic refers to the public standard of behavior that social public must follow in the relationship between human and land, it has the features of universality, openness and popularity. It can through strengthen land public ethics education, improve land public ethics awareness and cultivation, complete land public ethics personality, consolidate construction of land public ethics institutions, improve land public ethics mechanism, consequently, improve land public ethics construction. Land occupation ethics refers to the behavior that the land professionals must follow and the moral quality that they must possess in fulfill their obligation and adjust the principles and norms of the relationship between land professionals, it contains land professional ideals, attitude, obligation, skills, discipline, conscience, honor and style.Base on these, the paper proposed the path to build the land ethic system. Land ethic system building is the basic way to operate the value, principles and normal of the land ethic, but also the development mechanisms of land ethic. The key of land ethic system building are strengthening land ethics education, evaluating land ethical and building land ethical culture.(1) Form construction of land ethic’s conformation mechanism, selection mechanism, evaluation mechanism and monitoring mechanism to improve land ethic system.(2)Form family education, school education, mass media education and community education to strengthen values education, knowledge education, skills education and rights education of land ethic.(3) Form building evaluation system of land ethic including the land status, behavior status, conditions and effects of motivation to judge the value of people’s behavior using Delphi method.(4)Land ethic culture is cultural identity shown by general cultural activities. Mental activities are the content of land ethic culture; people’s demand and psychological meet are the features of land ethic culture. The ways to build land ethic culture include exploring profound connotation of the traditional ethics, referencing foreign reasonable cultural, developing and practicing land ethic culture.(5) Land conscience is the moral concepts that the people treat for land. At present, land crisis is essentially the lost of land conscience, the lost of thankful heart. Therefore, learning logic of relationship between people and land, restraining greed to land, maintaining respect for the land and follow the rules of land use are the path to wake Land conscience.At last, the paper, on the one hand, takes land pollution as example to study land ethic. The paper analyses ethical problems of land pollution and proposes the ethical response to land contamination. It is found that land pollution contrary to the "harmonious relations and ecological balance between people and land", contrary to intergenerational justice and contrary to the humanitarian. In order to solve the problem of land pollution, we must to re-understand people’s development, establish a harmonious relationship between people and land, establish a correct land ethics and strengthen land ethic system. On the other hand, the paper, from the practice stratification plane, carries on the practice analysis to land ethics in the policy-making, land ethics in the science and technology and project, land ethics in population, land ethics in the wetland and wilderness protection as well as ethics request in the land economy and ethics decision-making in the soil evaluation behavior. This is the better illustration on land ethics practice application.