The Rise Of The Sovereign-Teacher Power:Zhu Yuanzhang And Space Reconstruction Of The Imperial College In The Early Ming Dynasty

In the early Ming Dynasty, the oneness process of Sovereign and Teacher created a new form of Imperial power-the Sovereign-Teacher power. The previous studies were generally from the grand view of intellectual history and political history, lack of macro analysis going into details. This study aims at a different approach, and basing on Nan-Yong architecture which was planned and designed by Zhu Yuanzhang, retrospects, discusses and clarifies the historical truth and details of the rise of the Sovereign-Teacher power from the perspective of micro-space history.The theory, method and path of this case study contain three main points which are closely related:1. "Yi Lun order" and the shaping way of Imperial power Legitimacy. The rise of the Sovereign-Teacher power occurred in the Confucian political culture traditon, and intensively reflected the change of shaping way of Imperial power Legitimacy in the early Ming Dynasty. The Confucian spirit of ’sacred king’ was rooted in the transcendental consciousness of correlation between the heaven and human, and viewed the world order basing on heavenly ethical relationship as its highest goal, which showed two ways of Legitimacy to establish Yi Lun order:"correspondence of heaven and man" and "unity of heaven and man". Zhu Yuanzhang, who implemented a combination of the two types of Legitimacy, achieved the new way of shaping Imperial power Legitimacy.2. The representation relationship between spatial organization of Imperial College and "Yi Lun order". Reference the theory and method of space production, culture study and sociology, put forward the concept of "ranking mechanism" to analyze the internal relation of spatial organization of Imperial College and Imperial power Legitimacy. The basic connotation of "ranking mechanism":on the one hand, there is representation relationship between "Wei" in the space level and "Lun" in the human relation level, which make particular spatial structure become ideological symbol representing "Yi Lun order"; on the other hand, different individuals restricted by the space symbol can also appreciate, understand, agree and follow the intrinsic logic of behavior of "Yi Lun order", which make the spatial organization of Imperial College become the important media of power of shaping Imperial power Legitimacy.3. Space reconstruction of the Imperial College in the early Ming Dynasty and the configuration of the Sovereign-Teacher power. Reference the method of space contradiction analysis of spatial politics, concretely analyze the space contradiction between "Zhai" and "Tang". As two kinds of sacred "prototype space", the space contradiction between "Zhai" and "Tang" is closely associated with the Imperial power’s control, competition and monopoly of "the meta-capital of symbolic power". Zhu Yuanzhang made use of this space contradiction exactly, and launched the Imperial college space political campaign which aimed at shaping Legitimacy of Imperial power of Zhu Ming Dynasty, which made Imperial power monopolize the symbolic power of Legitimacy, and thereout the Sovereign-Teacher power was born as "the meta-capital of power" in the early Ming Dynasty.Based on the main points above, going forward one by one, this research successively discussed four "subproblems":1. The basic connotation of "space reconstruction of the Imperial college in the early Ming Dynasty". In the context of great Renaissance of official school, draw the outline of construction process of three Imperial Colleges in the early Ming Dynasty; By means of textual research basis of historical materials about three Imperial College buildings, clarified three historic changesof the Imperial College space had taken place in the early Ming Dynasty:the transformation from statue of sacrifice to wooden mamorial tablet in Confucian temple; the birth of sacred throne in Yilun hall; the alteration of space from "six zhais" to "six tangs".2. The history truth of Zhu Yuanzhang becoming the inheritor of Imperatorial oxthodoxy. Draw fouth Song Lian’s proposal for building governmental schools and its argument; Choose Bei Qiong’s refutation against Song Lian as a breakthrough point, and discuss the focus of the debate on the position of Confucius as a sage and teacher; In the intellctual history field of Confucian Orthodoxy and Rule Orthodoxy, seek Song Lian’s compromise position; Dissect the historical fact and truth of Zhu Yuanzhang’s reorganisation of Confucian Orthodoxy, which provided legitimacy for the process of oneness of Sovereign and Teacher in the early Ming Dynasty.3. The manifestation of Zhu Yuanzhang as the Sovereign-Teacher. From the perspective of "deep struture" of political system combing with education, further discuss the possibility and feasibility of the reorganisation of Confucian Orthodoxy; Futhermore, analyze Zhu Yuanzhang’s repression of scholar-bureaucrats who resisted Rule Orthodoxy by Confucian Orthodoxy, and from the perspective of "incorating Confucianism learner to bureaucracy system" and "punitive school regulation", expound the important manifestation of the oneness of Sovereign and Teacher in the early Ming Dynasty.4. The space configuration process of the power of Sovereign-Teacher in the space constructure of Nan-Yong. Return to space reconstruction of the Imperial College in the early Ming Dynasty, and basing on three topics, such as "wooden mamorial tablet and expression of Confucius sanctity", "sacred throne in Yilun hall symbolising Huangji" and "space reconstruction from zhai to tang", analyze how Zhu Yuanzhang engraved the power of Sovereign-Teacher in space structure of Nan-Yong by means of "ranking mechanism", so as to achieve its reproduction.Through the analysis of the four subproblems mentioned above, this study proposes the following basic conclusions:1. As a microcomic space history phenomenon, the birth of Nan-Yong architecture was a signal of space history of the relationship adjustment between politics and education in the early Ming Dynasty and a spatial politcs movement dominated by Zhu Yuanzhang, who wanted to engrave the power of Sovereign-Teacher in space structure of Nan-Yong, which caused space reconstruction of Imperial College and created materialization space product: Nan-Yong architecture.2. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, opened the precedent and traditon that the Ming and Qing emperors shaped the legitimacy of Imperial power through constucting their "Sovereign-Teacher role". As a new form of Imperial power that monopolized legitimacy resources, the Sovereign-Teacher power not only greatly intensified the Ming and Qing emperors"’culture and education hegemony", but also deeply infuenced the historical process of China in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which may be the fundamental difference between Imperial power of Song-Yuan and Ming-Qing.