| The college entrance examination system is the core system of the talent growth patterns and distribution of educational resources, which not only affects the future development of the innovation capacity of a nation or region, but also influences social fairness and public happiness. As the level of socio-economic development in China is raised, the society rethinks the education model and allocation of resources of the country, giving rise to re-examine China’s college entrance examination system. Faced with new socio-economic environment and international economic environment, investment in education and national human capital structure has become the core issue of China’s social and economic development, and also drawn so strong a concern from the Party and state leaders that they have recently made a series of policy measures. In January2009, Premier Wen Jiabao delivered a speech entitled "Education-Oriented Long-Term Goal", which highlighted the importance of education and the great significance of the development of "the national long-term education reform and development planning framework". At the same time, he pointed out the direction of studying and formulating the "Planning outline", and promoted a sound and rapid development of national education, which will have a great significance to the education reform for some time to come. These all highlight the great significance of studying our human capital efficiency in our education system, especially the college entrance examination system. They can not only provide new perspectives, but clarify ideas for future reform.With the development of global economic integration, knowledge-based economy innovation and social diversity, our country continuously has pushed forward the reform and opening up policy in China and promoted independent innovation. Our country is more urgent on national demand for all kinds of talents. Therefore, our colleges and universities need to train large numbers of various types of expertise in line with the needs of society. Higher education has become the pilot, of overall importance, and the basic knowledge-based industries of economic and social development. We depend largely on the overall improvement of the quality of human resources and the structural optimization of human capital for enhancing our overall national strength and promoting economic development. This not only gives rise to new demands and challenges to China’s higher education system, but also sets a new standard on the threshold of higher education. This not only determines what kind of talent can have access to higher education resources, but also determines whether such a person is suitable for the education and whether he can be accepted by the social reality and get rewarded, namely the connotation structure of the human capital, investment efficiency, and return on investment. Thus, from the perspective of efficiency, the college entrance examination system is more about the production decision mechanism of human capital. Admission is the first step of personnel training, and the entrance examination system is actually a scientific system of selection of talents, how to develop examination standards, how to adapt the examination to the new era talent selection needs. An immediate necessity is accelerating the pace and the process of the reform of college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system, as the selection of personnel in higher education system, carries enormous social pressure and excessive additional requirements. It not only plays the role of selecting qualified personnel for the college, but also sets the norms to guide the role of secondary education and carries the responsibility of safeguarding social stability. On the national level, the college entrance examination is related to technology and education and national talent strategy. On the social level, the college entrance examination is related to social equity and quality education for the whole nation. On educational level, it involves quality education, a comprehensive improvement of education quality and personnel training.At the same time, fierce competition for jobs is also reflected in the entrance examination competition. In this case, the college entrance examination will inevitably become the key issue of our government, public, media, parents, and candidates. However, the entrance examination system for college enrollment takes the form of central leadership and local charge, with uniform standards and a single admission. This denies the characteristics of different schools and the expertise of different students. We confine the students through written tests, regard the scores as the sole criterion, and equate those with high scores with the best talents. The college entrance examination exaggerates its selection function in the wrong perspective, and has become the means of allocating the community resources of higher education. College entrance examination instrumentalism sets its direct target as getting into colleges and universities, so that schools and the society are superstitious about or even worships the enrollment rate. As a result, students fostered in these schools are all the academic type, and they do not have much creativity. What’s more, these students could not find suitable jobs, unable to gain a foothold in this society when they graduate. Schools and teachers often evaluate students solely by their scores, and education has become a single goal-oriented tool. This is also a problem of defining the connotation of human capital, and this definition is seriously out of step with the society.As the highest level of the education system, the expertise higher education trained will be directly sent into a variety of career fields to do specialized work. The quantity and quality of investment in higher education will directly affect the level of our human capital, thereby affecting the country’s economic development and social progress. The entrance examination decides the distribution mechanism of the scarce public resources-the higher education opportunities. The college entrance examination system allocates resources through means of distribution, exchange and competition. The core is the competitive resource allocation, which has a major impact on the rise and fall of the nation, national development, and personal well-being. For this reason, the college entrance examination system is related to multi-facets, which requires a comprehensive analysis from multiple perspectives. Theoretical researches on the college entrance examination system are more conducted from the educational and social perspective, but less from an economic point of view. Therefore, this article intends to analyze from the perspective of human capital with the entrance of the educational function and social function, and strives to form a more scientific understanding of the college entrance examination system, enriches the research point of views of the entrance examination system, provides new insights for the reform of college entrance examination system. The content of this paper unfolds from the following eight parts.The first part discusses the research background, significance, the main content and innovation points.The second part is the literature review, which summarizes and combs the ideas of the entrance examination system and the human capital production from the theories of economics of education, new institutional economics, and human capital, forms views on the basis of previous studies, and lays the foundation of the follow-up studies.The third part is a review of the development process of China’s college entrance examination system, analyzing the functions of the examination system, outlining the contents and forms of the development of China’s college entrance examination system, systematically understanding the relationship between the college entrance examination system and all aspects of society, and finding the logical end-result of the human capital perspective.The forth part introduces the human capital channel model of the college entrance examination system. It analyzes from the perspectives of signal role, screening mechanism, as well as investment income of the college entrance examination system, builds the influence mechanism of the college entrance examination system on family education, basic education, and higher education and employment market, creates a human capital framework for the college entrance examination system.The fifth part selects several human capital channel models of the United States, Japan, South Korea and India to do a comparative study, attempting to analyze on an approximate cultural background and level of economic development, draws the influence of their own college entrance examination system on their human capital characteristics and accumulation.The sixth part is a quantitative analysis on the role of college entrance examination system in human capital channel model, mainly based on micro data of individual students. It analyzes the validity of college entrance examination system in the selection of outstanding students from the perspective of scores, ability and wage by establishing Probit and OSL model.The seventh part is analyzing the non-equilibrium nature of China’s human capital channel by college entrance hot issues, using the research perspective and research point of view of this article. It sets controversial issues in the college entrance examination as the object, expands the conclusions, uses the experience of a selected point to promote the work in the entire area, and forms the illuminating and referential conclusions.The eighth part is a summary of this article, summarizing the research point of view on the basis of the aforementioned research, making a generalized research on China’s college entrance examination system and the background, and proposing measures of reform from the perspective of human capital accumulation and incentives.This study treats the college entrance examination as an important link of the social production of human capital, builds the human capital channel model of the college entrance examination system, integrates the signaling role of education of the entrance examination-Family education and basic education and the screening effect of the higher education and the labor market-follow-up to a growth and development system of human capital. On this basis, it analyzes the related problems from the efficiency point of view of human capital efficiency. With the theory analysis and hot issues discussion, this paper concludes that on the premise of immature credibility system, the present college entrance mechanism is a very necessary social mechanism, whose main disadvantage is the single evaluation standard on college entrance exam, which could not satisfy the multi-subject and multi-object requirement under our complicated social and economic environment. The direction of college entrance exam innovation should b.e on the basis of improving human capital production and accumulation, and provide various forms of college admission on the premise of layering and classifying innovation in higher education.The main innovations in this paper are concluded as follows:1. The research theory perspective is new. College entrance exam study has been a hot issue for a long time. Most of the related literatures discuss this problem from social fairness and examination form. This paper will put forward a human capital channel model for college entrance admission mechanism on the basis of human capital social production, and pay more attention on the efficiency of human capital to analyze the college admission.2. The research method is new. We mainly used econometrics to verify the screening effect of the college entrance examination system by establishing the Probit and the OSL model. As far as I know, this is the first paper analyzing the college entrance examination from the perspective of exam score, working ability and wage, which provides a new research method and policy consult.3. The suggestions are practical. This paper systematically studies the thought of Chinese college entrance innovation based on the wage effect and employment, and the discussion of controversial issues in the college entrance examination. From the unique research perspective and applying the study view, I expand the research conclusions, and use the experience of a selected spot to promote the work in the entire area to form the illuminating and referential conclusions. |
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