| Since the end of last century, "break the monopoly and promote competition" became the main reform of monopoly industries. Through the reorganization of market structure, we separate the natural monopoly industries from the competitive operations; through asymmetric regulation,we support the new competitive powers; through prevarication, we encourage the private capital to enter the industry of monopoly. These reforms broke the previous business structure in which one company monopolizes the whole market. Gradually, monopoly industries develop into a pattern that more than one company compete in. Throughout the history of the evolution of monopoly industries all over the world, it is the basic path of reform for the monopolistic market structure to get a transition to a competitive one. In the previous period of monopoly, universal service is usually given as a company’s social responsibility, mainly by the internal cross-subsidies between companies to provide the fund. In addition, the government’s exit of the direct supply of products and services, causing the cancel of Public finance allowance and various covert subsidy, aggravate the difficulty of universal service. Actually, the increasing expenditure, the reducing opportunity to access, and the consumption rejection, which the social vulnerable groups has suffered in developing and developed countries, have become a serious fact that hinder our reform.The universal service of monopoly industries in China has been considered to have a social responsibility of state-owned enterprises,not being a kind of legal liability There is also no clearly defined legal status of cross-subsidy mechanism. After the separation of enterprises and government and the introduction of competition, universal service policies acquiesced are under the strong impact of market competition. With the reform of monopoly industries continue to push privatization, the lack of universal service of China’s monopoly industries is even more severe. Therefore, the construction and the process of reform of monopoly industries adapt to the universal service mechanism as a key issue. This paper analysis the cross-subsidies, universal service fund subsidies and universal service mechanism, studying its composition, characteristics and application of foundation, which provides a theoretical basis for the control of monopoly industries’in building China after the reform and universal service mechanism. In addition, basing on this current situation of China and its implementation mechanism of the universal service, learning from foreign universal service and universal service fund based on exploring and establishing monopoly industries in China for the universal service mechanism, we designed the operating mechanism of universal service fund and protection mechanisms. On the background of the reform of monopoly industries, learning from the lessons of universal service, monopoly industries in China’s universal service mechanism for a systematic and thorough study, not only are of great theoretical value, but also has considerable value.This paper mainly adopt methods which combine empirical research and normative research, methods which combine qualitative research and quantitative research, methods which combine the system research and comparative study. The nature of universal service universal service and the effect of the mechanism of universal service are studied. Research papers are arranged as the main research contents following.Chapterl:Puts forward research problem background, significance, the basic research methods, contents and main innovative points.Chapter 2:Qualitative research of universal service. Of universal service and public products, universal service and public service, universal service and public interest concept, it is concluded that differentiates universal service is not public products, but its provide products and services has the nature of quasi-public products; Universal service is an integral part of the public services, public service is the whole public service economic basis, universal service realize is that public interest etc conclusion. Proposed universal service has the dynamic and positive externality two properties, through development of universal service reviews, summarizes the three levels of universal service development, five stages, reveals the dynamic characteristic of universal service; From the enterprise with the social cost of personal cost comparison, universal service demand and supply, it is concluded that the equilibrium analysis with universal service positive externality characteristics, universal service demand greater than supply point of view.Chapter 3:The theoretical basis of universal service. On the universal service of public product attributes, the control principle of universal service, universal service main body responsibility appeal, universal service mechanism based on the society such as operation research systems. Universal service is a quasi-public products,which is in order to realize the public interests and the implementation of an income redistribution policies; On the other hand, universal service is a government control field, the government of natural monopoly control, close poor control and unified pricing control promote universal service policy; Governmentis the main responsibility of universal service, enterprise is the implementing subject; Universal service mechanism choice is the key to realize the maximization of social welfare, mechanism design, incentive compatibility, and the harmonious society theory provide the basis of the design of universal service mechanism.Chapter 4, research of cross-subsidy mechanism.To discuss how cross-subsidies effect on universal service fro m positive and negative perspectives, then evaluate the relation between Cross-subsidies and universal service objectively;And to build the structure of cross-subsidy mechanism, show the government, business, and public relationship in a direct way, Clearly analyse the universal service fund flows, propose the theory that government is mandatory,enterprise is "passive", and public is non-discriminatory during cross-subsidy mechanism running. The conclusion is that cross-subsidy mechanism must rely on the three basis, namely corporate monopoly, government regulation and government permission.Chapter 5 research of the financial subsidy mechanism. To define the scope of the financial subsidy mechanism from the literature about at home and abroad; build the structure of financial subsidy mechanism, specific the running process of financial subsidies, including the flow of funds, the relationship between the subjects, summarized the fact that government provide universal service fund and mandatory operator to commitment universal service in financial subsidy mechanism. And build a complete information static game model, analyze government and business investment in the universal service game, the results show that under the framework of the existing system, widely existent insufficient investment, business investment lack of motivation, government investment is responsible and other issues.Chapter 6:Research of the universal service fund mechanism. Combine perspectives of universal service fund mechanism on domestic and international. To understand the construction of domestic and international status of the universal service fund. Build the structure of the universal service fund,learn that universal service fund mechanism obtained with independent, competitive, fair. On the depth analysis of universal service fund market, from the funds raised "free of administration" and aspects such as the introduction of competition during the allocation of funds and the legal use of funds system to prove that universal service fund can adapt to the market essentially.Chapter 7:Reconstruction of monopoly industries’ service Mechanism in China. There are some problems in China’s monopoly of the universal service mechanism, for instance, a lag in the process of reform of monopoly industries, the gradual failure of traditional mechanisms for universal service, poor effect of means during transition. Learning from foreign experience in universal service, establishing a market mechanism to adapt to the universal service fund mechanism is the direction of the reform of monopoly industries. This article propose the implementation of the monopoly industries universal service fund mechanism, improvement of the legal system of universal service, the establishment of universal service policy institutions, universal service fund management institutions and other levels and functions of the body clearly and mutually coordinate system. In the operation of the universal service fund management, we proposed the establishment of universal service fund collection and payment system integrated with fund raising, distribution, use of management of financial resources. In the universal service fund supervision, budget preparation and public universal service fund, to carry out performance evaluation and a multi-level, complement supervisory organ.Main innovations is the following four aspects:Firstly, we provide basic theoretical foundation of universal service. It began an area of concern in 1980S, the theory of universal service is still stuck in the introduction of universal service and the introduction phase, without the in-depth theoretical study in light of China’s socio-economic characteristics. This article summarizes thar the proposed theory of public goods, natural monopoly theory, mechanism design theory and the theory of liability is the theoretical basis of universal service, defined attributes of public goods, commitment to universal service obligations under the economic characteristics of enterprises to reasonable regulation, government and business In the universal service obligation should bear responsibility for what is a competitive allocation of the theoretical basis of the universal service subsidies and other issues. This provides the basic theoretical foundation for the promotion of universal service in China’s development theory, the theoretical and. practical value of effective policy formulation and implementation of universal serviceSecondly, From the perspective of the history and development, we put forward three stages mechanism of universal service. The universal service mechanism that monopolistic industry takes for the process management system with its industry is highly correlated, then at a particular period of the reform process of the monopoly industries,we should take universal service mechanism which adapts to the universal service mechanism.In the period of the monopoly market structure, the optimal realization of the universal service mechanism is the cross-subsidies; In the period of the government financial support, the optimal realization of the universal service mechanism is the financial subsidies; In the period of a competitive market structure, the optimal realization of the universal service mechanism is universal service fund,which is decided by different stages of evolution of the monopoly industry development.The mechanism of these three models I constructed here is to analyse the operational characteristics and basis of these three mechanisms, and summarize the essential characteristics of the three mechanisms of operation.Universal service policy makers can select the best mechanism according to the development of specific industries, which also provide a theoretical basis for the reform of monopoly industries to for a certain value.Thirdly, we give a prospect expectations of the universal service fund as our leading mechanism. China’s traditional system of monopoly industries is the monopoly of state-owned enterprises, and the universal service mechanism which based on monopoly and universal service mechanism is mainly cross-subsidies and financial subsidies.Cross-subsidization is based on monopolistic market structure,and the restructuring of monopolistic market structure and privatization reform broke the basis of cross-subsidy mechanism,then the coexistent competition of diverse forms of ownership enterprise is gradually becoming invalid;Financial subsidies do not meet the reform goal of attrcting competition, promoting efficiency, separating government from enterprises, and fair competition.With the deepening reform of monopoly industries,the government went out of the market competition,which brings out the failure of the fiscal subsidies gradually.Universal service fund is a universal service mechanism adopting to the market economy.During the three decades of China’s economic reform,the market economy has basically taken shape,and we achieve a market-based resource allocation mechanism.The basic conditions for Universal Service Fund to play a role is mature,and this article is expected to establish a universal service fund mechanismin which is in line with international practices and will become the dominant mechanism for China to solve the problems of the universal service of the monopoly industry.Last, we design universal service fund management system and operation mechanism which is in line with the characteristics of China. Construction of universal service fund to run the institutional framework, proposing universal service fund into the treasury collection and payment system for unified management, universal service fund budget preparation and public, and strengthen supervision and management of the universal service fund The universal service fund, in particular, capital flows and national fiscal reform centralized treasury payment system combining to make universal service fund established from the beginning to include financial management system to ensure efficient operation of the universal service fund to improve the universal service use of the Fund’s performance levels. |
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