Taxonomy And Molecular Phylogeny Of Inocybe In China

Inocybes are considered as mycorrhizal fungi which plays an important role in forest ecosystems. Poisoning events caused by Incoybe are common because most species are toxic. Due to the large number of species and the rich variation in species level, it is considered difficult to be identified by most taxonomist. Such a situation makes much difficulty in the treatment of poisoning and in scientific communication. Based on a thinking of polyphasic taxonomy and intensive field survey, a morphological and phylogenetic studies on Inocybe in China were performed in the present thesis.Some522specimens, collected by the author and colleagues and509specimens from Herbaria were examined, Sixty-one taxa (including species, variety and forma) were identified, described and illustrated, among which includes12new species and23new records. The new species are: Inocybe phaeodiscoides Y.G. Fan, Takah. Kobay.&T. Bau, I. pseudoumbrinella T. Bau&Y.G Fan,I. yunnanensis T. Bau&Y.G Fan,I. hainanensis T. Bau&Y.G. Fan,I. muricellatoides T. Bau&Y.G Fan, I. caroticolor T. Bau&Y.G Fan,I. gansuensis T. Bau&Y.G. Fan,I.miyiensis T. Bau&Y.G Fan, I. necromarginata T. Bau&Y.G. Fan,I. paludinelloides T. Bau&Y.G Fan,I. changbaiensis T. Bau&Y.G Fan, I. oblonga Y.G Fan, Takah. Kobay.&T. Bau. New records are: I. cervicolor f. cervicolor (Pers.) Quel., I. neobrunnescens Grand&D.E. Stuntz, I. quietiodor Bon,I. appendiculata Kuhner,I. cincinnata var. major (S. Petersen) Kuyper,I. geophylla f. violacea (Pat.) Sacc., I. lacera var. helobia Kuyper,I. lacera var. rhacodes (J. Favre) Kuyper,I. neoflocculosa Kobayasi,I. prominens Kauffman,7. pusio P. Karst.,I. squarrosolutea (Corner&E. Horak) Garrido, I. stellatospora (Peck) Massee,I. whitei f. armeniaca (Huijsman) Kuyper,7. decemgibbosa (Kuhner) Vauras, I. fibrosoides Kiihner,I. olivaceonigra (E. Horak) Garrido, I. sambucina (Ft.) Quel.,I. senkawaensis Kobaysi,I. muricellata Bres., and7. alienospora (Corner&E. Horak) Garrido,I. leucoloma Kuhner,I. splendens R. Heim, I. lanatodisca Kauffman. Re-examination of the voucher specimens of the recorded taxa were performed, and17taxa were excluded from the Chinese Inocybe mycobiota or from their certain distribution area.Four loci, ITS, nLSU, tefl-α and rpb2were used in the phylogenetic studies,280new sequences were generated. The monophyly of Incoybe sensu lato was re-confirmed by the analysis of Inocybe and allied genera based on nLSU sequences. Wood inhabiting genera, Crepidotus, Simocybe and Pleuroflammula were sister group to Inocybe. However, Cortinarius and Hebeloma, which were considered to be more closely related with, nested far away in the phylogenetic tree. Mono-and multi-locus analysis were performed in the reconstruction of infrageneric framework. Seven major clades were detected in all of the analysis except for the tefl-a sequecnes analysis, because the lack of sequence data for certain clades. The three loci (nLSU, tefl-α and rpb2) have made good performance in the separation of the major clades, however, some contradicts also exsits in the topological structure. More higher post probability value trees were obtained when combined data of the three loci were used. However, they works with difference in revealing the subclades of the major clades, the tefl-α sequence introduced by the present study could reveal the subclades of Inocybe clade and Mallocybe clade. The phylogenetic relationships of species in sect. Rimosae and related taxa reveals that several subclades were exsit, the primary morphological definations were given for these subclades. Forty-four terminal clades could be recognized, among which20were composed of Chinese materials or partly so. Some morphology-defined species could not be supported by phylogenetic analysis, which indicates that cryptic species exsited in morphological species. The Chinese materials broadened the distribution range of species originally described from Europe. Only one Chinese material was nested in the terminal clade of I. rimosa s. str., which indicated its infrequency and its limited distribution in China./. maculata f. fulva described from Europe was synonymized with I. lanatodisca described from North American. At least three phylogenetic species were exsited in the I. lanatodisca complex, the major clades in the phylogenetic tree correlated with geographic distribution to some extent.