| Quercus variabilis Blume. and Quercus acutissima Carr. are ancient trees who distributefrom warm temperate zone to torrid zone. These two species are dominant species ofcommunity composition in warm temperate zone and subtropical zone in the most cases withabundant resources which makes them promising non-food woody energy plants that can beused as raw material of bioethanol fuel industry. Therefore, Quercus variabilisand Quercusacutissimawere chose as the study objects and were well analysed through resources survey allaround China during2009and2012in this research combining with GIS method.Regionalization of Quercus variabilisand Quercus acutissimawere analysed through themethods discribed above and the distribution pattern of economic characters of their seedswere explored to single out superior provenance and areas. The key results are as follows：（1）Quercus variabilisand Quercus acutissimadistributes widely in China:Quercus variabilis locates between23°24’~41°07’N and97°29’~126°06’E across cooltemperate zone, warm temperate zone, north subtropical zone and torrid zone. The horizontaldistribution of Quercus variabilisin China spreading from northeast to westeast as line andshaping as “D” along the coastline including18provinces Guangxi, Tibet and4municipalities.The northwest demarcation line is composited as Jian, Jilin Province-Xiuyan, liaoningProvince-Shanhaiguan, HebeiProvince-Qinglong, HebeiProvince-Mentougou, Beijing-Weixian,HebeiProvince-Lingchuan, ShanxiProvince-Linfen, ShanxiProvince-Xiangning, Shanxi,Huanglong, ShaanxiProvince-Tianshui, GansuProvince-Qingchuan, Sichuan-Ya’an,SichuanProvince-Deqin, Yunnan, Weixi, YunnanProvince-Lushui, YunnanProvince-Chayu,Tibet; and the south demarcation line is composited as Wenshan-Mengzi-Pingbian-Xishuanbanna, YunnanProvince. Quercus variabilisdistributied main in middle and lowermountain ectone and hill zone with yellow brown soil, brown soil, cinnamon soil,yellowcinnamon soil, yellow earth, red earth, purple soil, yellow-red soil, calcareous soil, dry red soil. Quercus acutissima locates between18.40°24’~40°48’N and97°43’~125°17’E across warmtemperate zone, north subtropical zone and torrid zone. The horizontal distribution of Quercusacutissima is similar to Quercus variabilis in China including18provinces Guangxi,Hongkong, Macao and4municipalities. The whole demarcation line of Quercus acutissimaisKuandian, Liaoning Province-Fengcheng, Liaoning Province-Haicheng,LiaoningProvince-Chengde, HebeiProvince-Miyun, Beijing; the northwest demarcation line iscomposited as Weixian, Hebei Province-Shijiazhuang, HebeiProvince-Jincheng,ShanxiProvince-Tianshui, GansuProvince-Wenxian, GansuProvince; and thesouthwestdemarcation line is composited as Qingchuan, Ya’an, jiulong, SichuanProvince-Tengchong, YunnanProvince. Quercus acutissimadistributied mainly in middle andlower mountain ectone and hill zone with yellow brown soil, brown soil, cinnamon soil,yellowcinnamon soil, yellow earth, red earth, purple soil, yellow-red soil, calcareous soil, dry red soil.（2）The distribution of Quercus variabilisand Quercus acutissimacorrelated significantlywith geographic longitude rather than latitude(no significant relation). The resource decreasedas longitude increased.（3）Our research devided the distribution of Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissimainto four types: original concentrated distribution area, original secondary concentrateddistribution area, original scattered distribution zone, and fragmentary plantation zone.Thereinto, the original distribution of Quercus variabiliscontains4concentrated distributionareas and7secondary concentrated distribution areas and Quercus acutissima contains9secondary concentrated distribution areas.The4concentrated distribution areas of Quercusvariabilis contains mountainous region of Qingba, eastern part of mountainous region ofsouthern Gansu Proince, Qianniu moutain, Tongbai Moutain, North part of Dabie Moutain,South part of Taihang Moutain; and7secondary concentrated distribution areas of Quercusvariabilis are mountainous region of southern Liaoning ProvinceandEastern ShandongProvince, valley of Hongshui River in southern Guizhou Province, mountainous region ofnorthwestern Hubei Province, mountainous region of Hebei Province, North part of Taihangmountain, Mount Tai, mountainous region of southern Anhui Province, hilly region of Yangze river and Huai river watershed. Meanwhile the9secondary concentrated distribution areas ofQuercus acutissimaare Tongbai Moutain, North part of Dabie Moutain, Funiu Mountain,mountainous region of southern Liaoning ProvinceandEastern ShandongProvince,mountainous region of Qingba,mountainous region of estern Southern GansuProince,hilly region of Yangze river and Huai river watershed,valley of Hongshui River insouthern Guizhou Province,mountainous region of northwestern Hubei Province, Mount Tai,and mountainous region of southern Anhui Province.（4）The total of concentrated distribution area and secondary concentrated distributionarea of Quercus variabilisis136.35×104hm2, and secondary concentrated distribution area ofQuercus acutissima is74.51×104hm2.Middle-aged forest and young forest took the most part ofthe above distribution zone (73.34%and88.29%for Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissimarespectively) while mature and half-mature forest took only23.65%and12.11%of the totalarea for Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima respectively.（5） The total ethanol potential of the distributed Quercus variabilis can be270.90×104t/a~1204.11×104t/awhich can satisfy42.71%of the total E10gasoline in Chinawithout considering limiting factors such as social and economic conditions. The suitable areafor Quercus variabilis planting took1.47%of tis total distribution area where the ethanolpotential can be0.88%of the tatal E10gasoline in China. The actual area of Quercus variabiliscould be133×104hm2~160×104hm2, where0.63%of the total demand E10ethanol gasolinecan be supplied. In total,1.51%of the total demand E10ethanol gasoline can be supplied（6）There were significant difference between vertical diameter,transverse diameter, andvertical diameter/transverse diameterof seeds of different distribution zone(p＜0.01).Positivecorrelation relationship was detected between transverse diameter and fruit weight(p＜0.01),and vertical diameterand fruit weight(p＜0.05), and negative correlation relationship wasdetected betweenvertical diameterand transverse diameter(p＜0.01), and verticaldiameter/transverse diameter and fruit weight(p＜0.01). Besides, no significant correlationrelationship was detected between other fruit characters (p≥0.05). However, positivecorrelation relationship was detected between longtitude and fruit weight (p＜0.05), and negative correlation relationship was detected betweencrude protein content and annualprecipitation (p＜0.05), while nosignificant correlation relationship was detected between otherfruit characters and geographic ecological factors (p≥0.05). The15provenances of Quercusvariabilis can be devided into3groups by clustering analysis: big fruit with high starch contentgroup, small fruit with low starch content group, and middle fruit with middle starch contentgroup. The best provenance areas are: Taibai, Shaanxi Province; Binzhou, HunanProvince;Pinggu, Beijing; Miyang, HenanProvince; Yaodian, HenanProvince; and Zhenping,ShaanxiProvince.（7）Significant differences was detected betweenvertical diameter,transverse diameter,and vertical diameter/transverse diameterof Quercus acutissimaseeds of differentprovenances(p＜0.01). Thereinto, positive correlation relationship was detected betweenvertical diameter/transverse diameter and fruit weight (p＜0.01), while negative correlationrelationship was detected betweentransverse diameterand vertical diameter/transversediameter(p＜0.01), and vertical diameter/transverse diameter and fruit weight (p＜0.05).Thetanning content also had a negative correlation relationship with transverse diameterandvertical diameter/transverse diameter, however nosignificant correlation relationship wasdetected between other fruit characters (p≥0.05).The15provenances of Quercusacutissimacanbe devided into3groups by clustering analysis: big fruit with high starch content group, smallfruit with low starch content group, and middle fruit with middle starch content group. The bestprovenance areas are: Jinzhai, Anhui Province; Nanshao, HenanProvince; Miaofengshan,Beijing; and Xixia, HenanProvince. |
PDF Full Text Request