Resource Investigation And Superior Germplasm Resources Selection Of Woody Energy Plants Quercus Mongolica Fisch And Quercus Liaotungensis Koidz

Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis are non-grain woody starch energy plant which great development prospect. They are expected to provide the stable, sufficient and diversified raw materials to bio-ethanol industry. This dissertation took Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis as the research objects, to conduct the resource investigation and improved variety selection of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis in china in 2009 and 2010. Firstly, the dissertation made clear of the distribution zones and distribution features of the two species in china on the basis of a comprehensive and systematic investigation, and distinguished the distribution zones of their resources based on their natural characters. Secondly, the dissertation compared and analyzed the variation laws of morphologica characters and starch contents of Quercus mongolica seeds in different provenances and selected economic superior provenances and zones. Thirdly, the paper tried to set up a comprehensive evaluation system of the superior traits of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis, for the selection of superior individual trees, clusters and types of superior single or multi-characters. Finally, in the dissertation, the natural populations of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis were divided into different types and the superior types were selected from populations. The research results of the dissertation were expected to provide scientific basis for the future research and utilization of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis and reference to exploit other woody starch energy plant.(1)Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis are widely distributed in the China.The geographical distribution of Quercus mongolica spans from 34°39' N to 52°43'N in latitude and from 111°12' E to 134°46' E in longitude. It scatters in cold-temperate zone, temperate zone, and warm temperate zone in China. It is often found in the regions of North china and Northeast China, including 10 Provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions). The horizontal distribution of Quercus mongolica in the east is mainly following the line of Mohe-Heilongjiang Province, Erlunchun-Inner Mongolia, Aershan-Inner Mongolia, Huolingele-Inner Mongolia, Keshiketeng-Inner Mongolia, Duolun- Inner Mongolia, Yu-Hebei Province, and Fuping-Hebei Province, Jiyuan-Henan Province and in the north the following line of Sanmenxia-Henan Province, Dengfeng-henan Province, Lianyungang-Jiangsu Province. The main topography of distribution regions includes middle mountains, low mountains and hills. In the distribution regions of Quercus mongolica, the soil types mainly are brown soil, dark brown, cinnamon soil and gray forest soil.The geographical distribution of Quercus liaotungensis spans from 31°27'N to 41°08'N in latitude and from 102°29′E to 126°11′E in longitude. It scatters in temperate zone, warm temperate zone and north sub-tropical in China. It is often found in the regions of north China, northeast china, and northwest China including 16 Provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions). The horizontal distribution region of Quercus liaotungensis is mainly located in the east and south to the following line of Muling-Heilongjiang Province, Jilin-Jilin Province, Tongliao-Liaoning Province, Linxi-Inner Mongolia Province, Duolun-Inner Mongolia, Yuxian-Hebei Province, Baotou-Inner Mongolia, Daning-Shanxi Province, Yanchuan-Shanxi Province, Zhidan-Shanxi Province, Huachi-Gansu Province, Guyuan-Ningxia Province, Tianshui-Gansu Province, Linxia-Gansu Province, Xunhua-Qinghai Province, Xiahe-Gansu Province, Diebu-Gansu Province, Jiuzhai-Sichuan Province, and in the north to the following line of Lixian-Sichuan Province, Maoxian-Sichuan Province, Taibai-Shanxi Province, Dengfeng- Henan Province, and Qingdao-Shandong Province. Its main distribution topography regions are middle mountains, low mountains, plateau and coteau. Throughout the distribution regions of Quercus liaotungensis, the soil types are main loessial soil brown soil, dark brown soil and cinnamon soil.(2)The top and bottom borderlines of the vertical distribution of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis show a trend of obvious fall with the geographical latitude, and non-obvious fall with the increase of longititude.(3)According to the given regionalization principles, the resource distribution region of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis in China can be categorized into four regions types, namely, concentrated distribution region, secondary concentrated distribution region, nature scattered distribution region, and artificial sprinkling planting region.The concentrated distribution region of Quercus mongolica kept in the continuous zones, including Northern Daxing'anling Eastern slope Mountains, Southern Daxing'anling Western side Mountains, Xiaoxing'anling, Changbai mountains low mountains and hilly zones, Eastern Liaoning mountains and North hebei mountains zone. And its secondary concentrated distribution region distributed mainly outs side of the concentrated distribution region including Northern Taihang Mountains, Eastern Yan Mountains Southern Daxing'aniing, Western Liaoning and Eastern Hebei Low Mountains and Hills and Southern Liaoning Mountains. The concentrated distribution region and secondary concentrated distribution region of Quercus liaotungens were distributed disjenctively. The concentrated distribution was mainly located in Southern Gansu, Shanxi and Shanxi mountains, Central and South of Taihang Mountains, Northern Hebei mountains, and East Liaoning mountains. The secondary concentrated distribution region distributed in Western Qin ling North Slope and Guan Mountains, Northern Taihang Mountains, and Western Liaoning and Eastern Hebei Low Mountains and Hills.( 4 ) The resource areas of the concentrated distribution region and secondary concentrated distribution region of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis were 672.57 and 124.22 million hm~2, respectively. The young and middle stands of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis in concentrated and secondary concentrated region took up 72.96% and 58.27% of the resources, while their nearly mature forest and mature forest took up 22.76% and 31.07% of the resources, respectively. There was a different percent in different aged forest resources of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis in different zones.(5)There were extremely significant differences(p<0.01) among seeds characters of Quercus mongolica in different region . The length of seeds had an extremly significant positive correlation with the width and weight of the seeds, and the width of seeds had a significant positive correlation with the weight of seed. The seed width had a significant positive correlation with contents of starch(p<0.05). The width of seed had a significant negative correlation with altitude, and had the positive correlation with mean temperature in July. The weight of seed had a significant positive correlation with mean temperature in July too. The correlation of the other phenotypic character and starch content of Quercus mongolica to geography clmiate factors were not significant(p≥0.05). According to the results of cluster analysis, sixteen provenances of Quercus mongolica can be divided into three groups with big fruit and content of high starch, middle fruit and middle content of starch, small fruit and slow content of starch. Dailing of Heilongjiang, Benxi of Liaoning, Dayangshu of Inner Mongolia were superior provenances.(6)There were extremely significant differences of seed characters in Quercus liaotungensis in different regions. The length of seeds had a significant positive correlation with the length-width ratio of seed, and had an extremely significant positive correlation with the weight of the seeds. The length-width ratio of seeds had a significant positive correlation with weight of the seeds. The mean temperature in July had a significant positive correlation with length of seed, and a extremly significant in positive correlation with weight of seed. The seed width had a significant negative correlation with the average annual sunshine. According to the results of cluster analysis, eight provenances of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz can be divided into two groups of big fruit with high starch content and small fruit with low starch content. Huangling of shanxi, Long of Shanxi and Chifeng of Inner Mongolia were superior provenance.(7)In this research, 41 preliminary superior trees of Quercus mongolica and 21 preliminary superior trees of Quercus liaotungensis had been selected. Though the analysis to the main characteristics, the superior trees and clusters with single superior traits were selected, such as high-starch content, big fruit or high fruit yield.(8)According to the woody energy plants's characteristics, comprehensive evaluation system of superior traits of Quercus mongolica and Quercus liaotungensis were set up with the method of analytic hierarchy process. 14 high-yield, high-starch contents and big fruits type superior individual trees including 10 Quercus mongolica and 4 Quercus liaotungensis had been chosen by means of analysis of comprehensive selection of multi-characters.(9)Based on the preliminary superior trees,2 Superior types of Quercus mongolica and 3 Superior types of Quercus liaotungensis were selected, including cluster middle fruit type, Scatter big fruit type in Quercus mongolica and cluster middle fruit type, cluster big fruit type, Scatter big fruit type in Quercus liaotungensis.