| As a carrier of the natural and cultural, natural and cultural heritage, make descendants by viewing experience predecessors’ experience and experience, to experience nature’s grand; As well as anthropology, archaeology, geography, history and other social and natural science and the study provides indispensable evidence. Uniqueness and irreplaceability and destroy the irreversibility of the process, make the meaning of the natural and cultural heritage resources beyond the general economic resources, become the common wealth of all mankind.However, due to improper system defects and management, the public resources of our country in the process of extensive economic development by large-scale ravage and destruction. Among them, the most precious part of our country public resources-world natural and cultural heritage resources-the threat is most serious, and has intensified the development of the situation. To solve the contradictory between heritage protection and development, to realize the sustainable development of the natural and cultural heritage development, has important theoretical value. About natural and cultural heritage protection system construction is the most important and most pressing, and the analysis of property rights system is all the system construction question in the most basic and fundamental. System and experience of the blind introduction and imitation is the thing is useless, must advanced systems and successful experience and specific protection goal of natural, economic, historical and cultural conditions.Under the constraints of the limited resources, how to maximize function of heritage protection at minimum cost, is the core of this paper research the problem. In this paper, adopting the new institutional economics and game theory analysis of the basic paradigm, through the analysis of the change of natural and cultural heritage resources property right system, search system problems in heritage protection in our country, analysis of all kinds of conflict in the process of heritage protection, reveal the necessary condition of heritage protection and the design principle of natural and cultural heritage protection mechanism, explores the ways of natural and cultural heritage protection mechanism innovation, and put forward reasonable Suggestions. The dissertation is divided into seven parts:The first part:comprehensive analysis of the natural and cultural heritage protection research status at home and abroad.Through to the natural and cultural heritage protection related theory, research, macro background and the domestic and foreign related research progress and trend of development of a comprehensive elaboration, this paper argues that depending on the Angle and focus, the present study can be classified as:regarding the value of heritage resources evaluation, heritage conservation and the development and utilization of resources of weigh the selection, development and utilization of heritage conservation mode selection, the heritage protection of the interests conflict and legal system construction and the heritage protection of community participatory management mechanism and so on six classes. Regarding the development of heritage conservation research has two kinds of tendency obvious, namely the heritage resources comprehensive research and protection of natural and cultural heritage resource protection and development of system research.On this basis, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the current study. Think the current research on natural heritage protection and management system, most remain in the simple analysis of the successful experience abroad, or for the advancement of the system of the simple analysis. Ignore the different natural, historical and cultural and social conditions at home and abroad. Don’t rely on the external conditions for system operation in-depth study; No analysis under different conditions of various system may produce all kinds of deformation. Fewer attempts to use economics theory to explain the essence of the phenomenon, can’t reveal the fundamental cause of conflict between heritage protection and economic development. The second part:to summarize the experience of developed countries to protect natural and cultural heritageIn this paper, the United States, Italy, Canada, the development of natural and cultural heritage protection, and mainly compares the experience summary. After combining the specific situation in our country, the following conclusions:First, management of subordinate relations lack of specification, it is the cause of the natural and cultural heritage management mechanism in our country. Cultural heritage and tourism, the relationship between cultural relics deals in sectors such as no reach standardization, a variety of laws and regulations has not been set up and perfect, has caused the relationship between heritage unit and related institutions, in the implementation of the protection of cultural heritage in many responsibility unknown, mutual shuffle or the alternative phenomenon.Second, our country’s natural and cultural heritage management, lack of supporting institutions, protect the weaker. In China, in addition to the relevant research institutes and professional associations, funding organizations and volunteer groups rarely, even no. The people involved in degree is low.Third, need to see, abroad in natural and cultural heritage management is the most valuable experience in the management idea, management ability and the management goal. This idea won’t because the system is different and does not apply to the state of the union, also won’t because of resource condition is different and difficult to the basis of using for reference. In the natural and cultural heritage management system reform in our country, the most important, not copy foreign mode, but in reform to carry out the public welfare concept.The third part:the economic attribute of the natural and cultural heritage resources are analyzed in detail.First of all, this paper argues that natural and cultural heritage is essentially a kind of special resources, its value is mainly manifested on its usefulness and use value. The so-called natural and cultural heritage value mainly found in the human in the process of the construction and maintenance, protection, development and the amount of necessary social labor and human external compensation in the process of natural and cultural heritage development.Secondly, this paper argues that natural and cultural heritage has the characteristics of public goods, according to the classification of the natural and cultural heritage and consumption characteristics, natural and cultural heritage can be divided into the club goods and pure public goods and public resources three types. Club item contains mainly ornamental features of historical and cultural heritage, natural heritage and dual heritage has the ornamental value of natural history, public resource contains is given priority to with scientific research, but didn’t charge for development of natural and cultural heritage, the charge is given priority to with scientific research units to develop the natural and cultural heritage, the pure public goods contains the endangered cultural heritage and cherish life and precious natural heritage.Finally, this paper argues that heritage conservation behavior also is a kind of pure public goods, but its externality, there are both positive externality and negative externality. Heritage protection provided by the government, there are both positive externality and negative externality, the causes of negative externality exist mainly government interests and social interests are not identical and thus entrust-agent problem, the second is the government own existence of bounded rationality. When set the natural and cultural heritage protection system is needed to combine government protection and the public, to achieve optimal protection of natural and cultural heritage of the results.The fourth part:in-depth analysis of the economic attribute of the natural and cultural heritage resources property right and its change.First of all, this paper analyzes the natural and cultural heritage resources property right structure. Think the specific content of natural and cultural heritage resources property rights including right to use and transfer of the ownership of the natural and cultural heritage, and natural and cultural heritage of the property right main body mainly includes all citizens, the state, social economic entity or public organizations. This paper further analyzes the characteristics of natural and cultural heritage resources property right structure, think our country is a collective country, state is the main part of the ownership of the natural and cultural heritage resources, but in practice, countries must take ownership of the entrusted to the central government departments and local governments to manage, and so on the surface of the natural and cultural heritage resources in our country is the state, the actual control is the local government and related departments, this creates a ownership dispersed state. This case, because the rights belong to not clear, once appear problem, is the owner of each department will blame each other, and the public is unable to stop, and finally caused the blame no one.Secondly, analyzes the natural and cultural heritage resources property rights system vicissitude. Think our natural and cultural heritage resources property rights system vicissitude mainly can be divided into public goods and quasi-public products in two phases. Public product stages including the stage of feudal and semi-feudal and semi-colonial society and after the founding until the reform and opening up. This one phase natural and cultural heritage resources as public products provided to the public, there is no special exclusive mechanism is established. Quasi-public products stage since the reform and opening up, and can be divided into two small in2003as the world stage, stage of preliminary divided into the management of property rights and residual rights and further subdivided into franchise, transfer, the right of ownership and exploitation stage. As time goes on about property rights mechanism of natural and cultural heritage in China has gradually set up and perfected, the protection of natural and cultural heritage have played a role in promoting.Third, in this paper, the present property right system has made the natural and cultural heritage resources, think our country’s social ownership characteristics determine the ownership of the natural and cultural heritage resources shall be owned by the state, and not be able to transfer, only management rights. At present, China’s natural and cultural heritage property management mainly by local government agency. Due to local governments and property owners do not match the target (state), easy to entrust in the development of natural and cultural heritage protection, the question of agency, sometimes also can appear the rent-seeking and the phenomenon of the transition of natural and cultural heritage development. Administration division, is easy to appear the phenomenon of multiple management, lead to low efficiency of management and resource use efficiency at the same time.Fourth, this article from the perspective of historical analysis and comparative analysis of the Angle of property right system and the protection of natural and cultural heritage resources relations has carried on the detailed analysis, think that property system is the key to the natural and cultural heritage resource protection factors. This paper argues that, although in ancient societies, including the feudal society, the natural and cultural heritage as an independent concept also is not very prominent. However, as a kind of objective existence, natural and cultural heritage in fact exists in the social reality of all dynasties conduct their rein. In the history of the development process, when property rights are fully guarantee, natural and cultural heritage resources will get better protection and development. Conversely, when the property rights cannot be guaranteed, the objective will inevitably bring about the destruction of cultural heritage. And under the condition of the property right system is stable, reasonable property rights structure more conducive to the protection of the natural and cultural heritage resourcesFifth, this paper discusses the natural and cultural heritage conservation issues that residents have in fact of the property right, believe in the natural and cultural heritage resources in the protection of property right structure, the fact of the property and legal property rights that are included in the bundle is often inconsistent. This paper further analyzes the natural and cultural heritage resources property rights definition of transaction costs, that due to higher implementation costs of natural and cultural heritage resources property right there is always a "public sphere". To natural and cultural heritage resources of all kinds of tort behavior will be repeated for a long time, the reason is that our long ignored the people to the natural and cultural heritage has private property rights in fact. Property of the natural and cultural heritage resources is nominally owned by country or all the people, nobody has the exclusive right to use. But the actual operation process is actually will be defined as public assets, then awarded to an individual or entity to use and form some kind of ownership, such principal-agent efficiency loss of the property right to the exclusive cost, make the social wealth by increasing the transaction cost way down, finally is the property right system evolution for the "public private."The fifth part:the former game problems in natural and cultural heritage conservation.This paper analyzes the current development situation of natural and cultural heritage conservation and are faced with the problem, according to the characteristics of all kinds of protection, constructs the game model of natural and cultural heritage protection. This paper made clear the parties between the interests of stakeholders and their attitude towards the protection of, and then USES the static game and dynamic game analysis method, built by the government, enterprises and the tripartite benefit main body of game model, first of all get the interests of all parties subject to natural and cultural heritage protection of the optimal input, then use mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, and get the interests of all parties subject to natural and cultural heritage protection in earnings, each benefit main body in order to promote better protection of natural and cultural heritage. Through the game model is derived, the nature of the conflicts in the process of heritage conservation, root cause analysis problems existing in the system, provide theoretical basis for the design of the protection mechanisms.The Sixth part:the design of the natural and cultural heritage protection mechanism in China are proposed.This paper argues that China’s natural and cultural heritage protection mechanism should follow the protection and utilization and set up system, classification control and protection partition, government regulation and market mechanism, pay attention to the combination of the principle of public participation. Natural and cultural heritage protection mechanism innovation of our country should be the protection mechanism, management mechanism innovation and protect three ways to implement supervision mechanism innovation.The seventh part:Taking Dengfeng Shaolin scenic area as a case study of the cultural and natural heritage property systemIn dengfeng shaolin scenic area’s natural and cultural heritage protection present situation and problems, for example of natural and cultural heritage property right structure and the property right system in our country has carried on the empirical analysis. Found that the unclear property right is the primary cause of songshan shaolin temple scenic spot management chaos. Chaos chaos in the structure led directly to the property right of scenic spot management, scenic spot resources used by excessive development and at the same time. After analyzing the reason for the problem, this paper puts forward the following countermeasures:one is to form a practical planning and decision-making system; Second, perfect the laws and regulations system;3it is right to deal with the relationship of the natural and cultural heritage protection and utilization; Four is to build a new lead diversified fund-raising mechanism; Five is to strengthen publicity work, strengthen the protection consciousness of the whole society. |
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