| Based on corpus linguistics as theoretical guidance, authentic data sources from large-scale blog corpus built by National Language Resource Monitoring Center and occurrence probability of language phenomena as valid evidence, this thesis probes into statistical analysis of Chinese adverbs in order to explore gender differences. Induction and summarization of gender differences and similarities come from accurate statistics, detailed observation and full description in five respects such as general adverbs, sub-class adverbs, high and low frequency adverbs, semantic prosody and reduplicative adverbs. The author ultimately explores concise explanation from the perspective of sociolinguistics. Indeed, creativity in the research is to enrich and develop systematic study of Chinese adverbs. In addition, positivity in the research methods ensures adverbs study to be more scientific and accurate.Relying on powerful computer functions of concordance, segmentation, tagging, statistics, computing, the author has made a relatively systematic research on Chinese adverbs in different gender from a large-scale blog corpus. During the process, new research methods and means have been explored. Thus, a new approach has been pioneered for natural language processing. Meanwhile, reliable information and theoretical basis of linguistic performance have been provided for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language, Chinese Grammar Teaching, Chinese Information Processing, and so on. Some relative academic reference data has been supplied for domestic and foreign language experts and scholars. Moreover, the authentic language data is presented to national language policy, language planning departments for language monitoring and formulating national language standards.Besides Chapter One about introduction and Chapter Two about classification and determination of adverbs from corpus, this thesis consists of eight parts as follows.Chapter Three focuses on a contrastive study on gender differences and similarities of general adverbs based on the large-scale blog corpus and confirms that similarities overweigh differences. Domestic and foreign researches on gender differences of Chinese and English adverbs have firstly been reviewed. Thus, the author has made a comprehensive study from the aspects of general and sub-class adverbs of the male and the female, relation between cumulative coverage and word species number, relation of text number and distribution rate, distribution of word length, common and separate adverbs. There are subtle differences and conspicuous consistency in general and three sub-classes of different gender adverbs. In addition, proportions of three sub-classes of different gender adverbs are similar as follows.restrictive adverb>descriptive adverb>commentary adverbs The cumulative coverage trend curves of different gender adverbs have a high degree of similarity and adverbs in blog texts have an extremely regular pattern of grammar distribution. The male adverbs are similarly located in frequency sorting and distribution rates sorting while a few adverbs are subject to change. The results that come from distribution statistical method and frequency statistical method are roughly equal and do not reach a statistically significant level because the scale of the blog corpus used in this research is extremely large. The average frequency of the female adverbs is11628more than that of the male. In other words, the total frequency of the female adverb is1.83times as much as that of the male. These numbers reflect the fact that frequency of the female adverbs is much higher than that of the male and the female bloggers are more likely to utilize adverbs in blog texts than the male. As word lengths of the male and the female adverbs increase, the average frequency declines. We have also found that the average frequency of the female is higher than that of the male. Strictly speaking, the average frequency of the female single-character adverbs is the highest in all word lengths of the male. Thus, the average frequency of the female double-character adverbs is the second highest. The following grouping is the three-character adverb and the last is the four-character adverb. There are983male adverbs and985female adverbs altogether in which there are961common adverbs,22and24separate adverbs respectively. Because this is associated with a tendency of the male to topics about politics, work, games, and so on, adverbs the male tend to choose and utilize are rather more formal. Meanwhile, the female tend to choose and utilize adverbs related to emotions, psychology, and so on.Chapter Four penetrates into gender differences and similarities of sub-class adverbs and draws a conclusion that similarities coexist with differences. Based on authentic data coming from blog corpus, the author performs a statistic analysis of observed frequency, relative frequency, cumulative frequency and cumulative coverage in order to find out the principle of sub-class adverbs in language use and explore similarities and differences. The number of the male restrictive adverbs is roughly equal to that of the female and the numbers of sub-classes are roughly equal. The numbers of time adverbs, scope adverbs and degree adverbs the female utilize are more than that of the male while the numbers of correlative adverbs, negative adverbs and concurrent adverbs the female utilize are more than that of the male. In addition, the numbers of the male frequency adverbs and repetition adverbs are approximately equal to that of the female. The number of the male descriptive adverbs is more than that of the female. Within descriptive adverbs, the numbers of the male descriptive adverbs in manner, condition and situation are more than that of the female while the numbers of the male descriptive adverbs in comparison are2less than that of the female. However, the degree of difference does not reach a statistically significant level. The female tend to utilize adverbs in comparison within descriptive adverbs while the male tend to utilize adverbs in manner, condition and situation. In addition, the female incline to utilize commentary adverb. In fact, the female incline to utilize adverbs such as "tai(太)”,"haishi(还是)”,"zhen(真)”,"yiding((一定)’’and "zhenshi(真是)’and their frequencies of the female are conspicuously higher than that of the male. However, frequency of "dangrang(当然)”the male use is much higher than that of the female. In general, these are high-frequency commentary adverbs and it reflects the fact that there are still gender differences to some extent.Chapter Five investigates high and low frequency adverbs of the male and the female for the purpose of exploring their particular principles objectively and authentically. The study shows that differences outweigh similarities in the respect of high and low frequency adverbs. There are152adverbs that are high frequency used by the male, accounting for15.46%of the total word species number of the male’s adverbs. While there are90adverbs of high frequency used by the female, accounting for9.14%of the total word species number of the female’s adverbs. It’s obvious that the average frequency of the female high frequency adverbs is higher than that of the male. According to the curve of the male and female cumulative coverage and word species number, the slope of the curve soars most sharply before the female cumulative coverage reaches90%and the accelerating speed is the most rapid with the fewest word species number. On the contrary, when the male cumulative coverage is before90%, the slope gradient is much smaller and accelerating speed is slower with more word species numbers. From the perspective of word length, the average frequency of one-character words is the highest, that is to say, the average frequencies of the male and the female reach respectively454825and879442. While the average frequency of the two-character words is a little lower than that of one-character words and the average frequency of the male and female is respectively104109and38322. The average frequency of the three-character words is much lower than that of one-character words and the average frequency of the male and female is respectively59335and22818. The average frequency of four-character adverbs is zero. While the word length increases, the average frequency tends to decrease. The average frequency of the male high frequency adverbs is5.8times as much as that of the male’s general adverbs. In addition, the average frequency of the female high frequency adverbs is9.4times as much as that of the female general adverbs. The average frequency of high frequency adverbs is so different from the general adverbs average frequency that it fully proves how high the frequency of high frequency adverbs is. At last, negative adverbs used by the male and female are summed and29negative adverbs are shared by the male and female. The overall number of higher frequency negative adverbs used by the male is larger than that used by the female. It’s obvious that the male need more negative expressions in the blog which is directly related to the higher frequency of negative adverbs.Chapter Six examines global and local semantic prosody of "yanzhong(严重)XX”on data-based approach and data-driven approach. The study has shown that there is global semantic prosody created by typical collocations and local semantic prosody created by unusual collocations in male and female blogs. In addition, there is some unique difference between different genders. Language users violate the principle of conventionality on purpose in order to achieve the unique and humorous effect in terms of the exploitation of prosodic clash. Three colligations of "yanzhong(严重)+VP”,"yanzhong(严重)+NP”and "yanzhong(严重)+AP" have been found from the statistical data. There are205cases of "yanzhong(严重)+VP”,functioning as adverbial, accounting for64.3%of total effective frequency."yanzhong(严重)+NP”has been found107cases as modifiers accounting for33.5%of total effective frequency. In addition, there are7cases of "yanzhong(严重)+AP”functioning as adverbial accounting for2.2%of total effective frequency.12collocations are neutral,3.8%of319cases in all based on the statistical data, in319cases. The rest of96.2%(307/319) of the collocations are passive vocabulary, which is permeated with negative atmosphere and lead to be negative semantic prosody at the right of the key word. Therefore, it can be believed that "yanzhong(严重)”is obviously permeated with negative prosody structure. It can be noticed that there are two parts of speech among three colligations of "yanzhong(严重)”In the colligations of "yanzhong{严重)+VP" and "yanzhong(严重)+NP","yanzhong(严重)”is an adjective modifying VP and NP respectively. But in the colligation of "yanzhong(严重)+AP","yanzhong(严重)”should be an adverb which is equivalent to "feichang(非常)”or "jiqi(极其)’’. It’s known to all that the essence and distinguishing feature of an adverb can only act as adverbial in the sentence. There are57valid collocations on the right side of "yanzhong(严重)”based on data-driven method when MI is greater than or equal to3.98.2%of the collocations are permeated with negative semantic atmosphere which can establish "yanzhong(严重)”semantic prosody structure. The research by these two conventional methods shows that the universal semantic prosody of "yanzhong(严重)”has obviously negative prosody and negative semantic atmosphere is created by the collocations in the context when the span is "N+1". In addition, the author has studied local semantic prosody of "yanzhong(严重)”used by the male and the female in the large-scale blog corpus. In the process of practical communication, the speaker may intentionally violate the collocation harmony principle to cause semantic conflict, create a positive semantic atmosphere and eventually lead to semantic prosody conflict by means of selecting the unusual collocations. As a result, a special communicative effect can be achieved by means of semantic prosody conflict. The data shows that there exist some unusual collocations of "yanzhong(严重)”with rather lower frequency in the large-scale blog corpus. However, its positive local semantic prosody has come into being. There are merely4unusual collocations in the male blog corpus which are "yanzhongyouganjue(严重有感觉)”,"yanzhongdejili(严重地激励)”,"yanzhongqingxing(严重清')”and “yanzhongganxie(严重感谢)”At the same time, there is merely one unusual collocation, namely,"yanzhongganxie(严重感谢)”in the female blog corpus.Chapter Seven conducts an accurate statistic study on reduplicative adverbs of the male and the female and concentrates on gender differences of reduplicative adverbs usage. The word species number of the male reduplicative adverb is65, accounting for6.61%of the total number of male’s adverbs and the word species number of the female reduplicative adverb is64, accounting for6.5%of the total female adverbs. Among all the male and female adverbs,60adverbs are shared by the male and female. The number of the separate male reduplicative adverbs is5, accounting for7.69%of the total number of the male reduplicative adverbs while the number of the separate female reduplicative adverbs is4, accounting for6.25%of the total number of the female reduplicative adverbs. The male separate reduplicative adverbs tend to objective and action description so these adverbs are more formal, such as "chichi(迟迟)”,‘‘huanhuan(缓缓)”and "qinqin(轻轻)”On the contrary, the female incline to use reduplicative adverbs associated with feelings and heart, such as "dudu(独独)”,"laolao(牢牢)”,“momo(默默)”,"shishichuchu(时时处处)”Furthermore, the reduplicative adverbs can be divided into complete reduplicative adverbs and incomplete reduplicative adverbs according to the external form. The research on the complete reduplicative adverbs shows that the female use more one-character reduplicative adverbs than the male in the field of AA adverbs. It is partly because the female tend to use even number syllables. In the field of AABB adverbs, the male merely use3reduplicative adverbs with double syllables, accounting for3%of the total male reduplicative adverb number while the female merely use4reduplicative adverbs, accounting for3%of the total male reduplicative adverb number according to the statistics. Based on AB with double syllables, AAB is the ultimate reduplicated form whose root is overlapped, but not the suffix. At last, comes into being. In the large-scale blog corpus, only one "AA ran(然)”structure exists in male and female blog corpus. Moreover, the frequency of the male is less than that of the female. From the perspective of the internal reduplicative structure, the reduplicative adverbs can be divided into the reduplicative adverbs with a primary form and the reduplicative adverbs without a primary form. The author has made a detailed contrastive study of the reduplicative adverbs with a primary form and the reduplicative adverbs without a primary form between the male and the female. The research result reflects that the word species number of the male reduplicative adverbs is different from that of the female and frequency of the female is a bit higher than that of the male in general. At last, the reduplicative adverbs are compared from the aspect of pragmatics. Two opposite functions of reduplicative adverbs have been found. One of the functions is to make the degree higher, the tone more serious and frequency higher, but the other is to make the degree lower, the tone less serious and frequency lower. |
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