The Research On Speech Act Of Apology In Modern Chinese

The speech act in modern Chinese apology belongs to the expression category ofSearle speech act theory, which is one of our daily communication polite speech actsand one of civil liability in Chinese civil law, visible, it is a very important languagephenomenon. Previous research on apology speech acts were mostly in certain aspectsand clips, this text attempts to research under the overall framework of apology event,interpret the realization process of apology speech act in order to obtaincomprehensive and profound cognition of modern Chinese apology speech act.First, we need to clear and sort out the basic situation of apology speech act.Redefine apology speech acts are " Communication between A and B, A due to offend,guilt caused by other reasons, apologize to B compensatory speech acts, in order torestore interpersonal harmony between A and B (A is apologize side, B is affectedapologize side)." Definition emphasizes the causes and consequences of behavior.Speech act of apology and compensatory nature is triggered, it generates for a reason,offensive behavior is caused by psychological trigger guilt; Its implementation is basedon compensation, the compensation can be divided into two cases: offset losses,consumption and make up the shortcomings and the differences. Speech act of apologyreflects the compensation requires of apology side in specific implementation process,calm down anxiety of apology side and repairs the relationships between both sides.Among them, the compensation requires of apology side and calm down anxiety ofapology side are direct functions, repair the relationships are indirect function. Basedon the distribution of direct function, we divide the apology speech act into four virtualapology speech act, altruistic behavior, self-serving apology speech act, win apologyspeech acts, relative to virtual apology speech acts, the first three can be called realapology speech act, and this article focuses on real apology speech act.The structure of apologize apology speech act includes main body, the intentionof an apology, the way of an apology and so on. The main body of apology is anapology speech act of the perpetrators and receiver respectively is an Apology partyand apology receiver. First of all, the subject is the social main body; the main body of apology has the social role which is relatively fixed. Secondly, the main body ofapology is communication subject, the main body of apology has communication rolewhich is temporary. The Apology party and the apology receiver are temporarycommunicative roles; their apology speech act is influenced by its inherent social rolefactors. In addition, the apology party originates in offending party that transformscommunication role; apology receiver originates in the offended party thattransforms communication role. Apology intention is the core of apology speech act;apology speech act is the starting point and the point of the returning. Apologizefor the realization of the intention or not is the most important standard.Apologyintention carrying out apology speech act is an apology sincerely of intrinsicmotivation, through the questionnaire we know apology intentions causes stemsmainly from offending fact, the guilt of apology party, considering apology receiver’sheart feeling, maintaining the harmonious of the interpersonal relationship and socialrules and so on five aspects. Among them, the occurrence of offense is prompt apologyattempt of the cause of the most important and core. Recognizing offense has twostandards: one is from the Angle of the offender to recognize, this is the mostimportant standard. The feelings for the offended play a decisive role in definingwhether a particular act constitutes offensive. Second, it can be identified from theperspective of the offender, which is a secondary standard. The offended and theoffender judge offensive behavior mainly on the acquisition of the ethical conduct ofsocial groups, recognition feelings, personal life and special experiences duringgrowing up. Although the sources of that standard of both sides are the same, thespecific standards they hold varies, resulting from the differences where each bodylearn moral codes of social groups and behavior standards, recognition of differentcircumstances, personal life and special growing-up experiences. The structure ofapology intention is: apology[X], which indicates the apology intention made byapology party on X, the content of the apology. As a whole part, the intention andcontent of apology both do exist. However, in the specific verbal expression of apology,it differs in the language chosen to express the structure of apology intention. Apologyintention mainly uses apology signs. The implementation of speech act of apology liesin linguistic form and accompanied by nonverbal form.The language form of speech act of apology mainly performs as the languageform of identifying the apology intention, the language form of identifying the apologysubject and the language form of identifying the apology degree. Apology intentionmust be realized within the framework of the event, and the process of its implementation is also the process to construct the significance of apology. Apologysigns include per formative verbs and idioms people are accustomed to, such as to,apologize, sorry, feel shy and so on. They all have their own characteristics in syntactic,semantic and pragmatic. The appellation is generally located in the beginning ofsentences and is the position of the apology party apologizing to your own and theother communicative role. The appropriate use of appellations can create the betterapology atmosphere, reaching the ideal perlocutionary effect. The appellation of thepeople who receives the apology mainly manifests in the kinship appellation, socialappellation, name appellation and courtesy appellation which is one of the four bigpronominal appellation systems. Self reference mainly performs depreciation of,normal self referential, normal self referential, fuzzy self referential.Apology degree is the degree of one party expressed in the speech act of apology.Apology degree is important to both apology party and the apology party. For theapology party, the appropriate of apology is helpful to avoid the loss of too much"face". And at the same time, it can achieve successful and graceful apology. For theapology party, because suffering from some degree of offense, he or she is expected toreceive the apology, only the apology can meet the expectation from him or her, theperson who receive the apology can forgive the apology party. If the apology is muchhigher than offence degree, the apology receiver will question the communicativeintention. The apology and offensive behavior is closely related to the degree of theoffence. The apology degree is mainly depend on the quantity iconicity principles, takethe language syntax, words, overlapping, strategy and non language expressions,means in action.The implementation of the apology speech behavior will be effected by theoffensive behavior factors, the apology party attitude of apology speech behavior, thepersonal factors and its differences of communicative subject, and the context factoretc. We believe that the offensive behavior is the most important factor in the apologyspeech behavior; it not only affects the likelihood of their occurrence, but also restrictsthe way of occurrence. The apology party attitude of apology speech behavior mainlyaffects the likelihood of behavior occurrence. The speculation and the evaluation aboutthe personal factors of communicative subject and the contextual factors made by theapology party attitude mainly restrict the way of the apology speech behavioroccurrence. The implementation of the apology intention and the understanding cannotdo without the subject and its own cognition participation. The subject status, gender,age, occupation, character, emotion, as well as the intersubjective social distance, power relations, gender differences, age difference, etc., all these factors have more orless impact on the choice of speech form of the apology party attitude. The context isthe time-space environment of language communication and very important pragmaticfactor, and it can make fully significance supplement on the inadequate expression ofspeech, affecting the pragmatic strategies and the choice of the speech form. Thecontext includes the communicative context, communicative background andcommunicative way.Based on the study and research of more than1000apologies cases, six kinds ofexpressions of the speech act of Apology have been summarized: Statement of fact,explain offend reasons, expression of guilt emotion, puts forward compensationmeasures, ensure to start with a clean slate, request others to forgive.At last, the pragmatic principles, which are used to give some guidance toapology party to get the successful apology speech act. That is sincerity principle,polite principle, appropriate principle and...