Interpretation And Reflection

"The Marxism is against the’system-philosophy’, but does not think that philosophy should not be systematic. Because the system of philosophy is decided by its logical nature." In contemporary, according with the nature of Marx’s philosophy, we must construct the theoretical system embodying the spirit of the times to better play the guidance function of Marxist philosophy on Chinese modernization practice. But at the same time, we should also see that the fact of innovation and construction of Marx’s philosophy is a very complex system engineering and a difficult subject of the era, not a few people or even several generations can complete. In the book of "philosophy and society", Professor Guo Zhan pointed out that the theoretical system of Marxist philosophy is a multi-level system. Construction of the new system can start from the updating of the micro small system--including category, principle and Law, go through the updating transition of the middle sub system--including its ontology, epistemology, dialectics, historical views, etc., finally reach the updating of the whole theoretical system--the macro system of Marxist Philosophy. Only to study the small and sub system fully as the basis and sufficient consensus can be reached at the two levels, can the updating of the macro system be promoted effectively. Now the Marxist philosophy theory can be said to show a situation of All Flowers Blooming Together and A Hundred Schools of Thought Contending. Of course, this is a good thing, but we must also see that many basic problems of Marx’s philosophy for debating have not yet formed a consensus, which result in that, to a great extent, the debate became that everyone express their own perspectives on the basis of their own theory, so it is difficult to push forward the construction of theoretical system. Therefore, in the present stage our main work is still the updating and construction of the little micro and middle sub system which Professor Guo said. Of course, no matter which level of system to be constructed, the key lies in the correct understanding of the essential spirits of Marx’s philosophy."A major research topic in contemporary Marxist philosophy is how to understand the essence of the Marxist philosophy." However the essence of Marx’s philosophy is clearly implied in the philosophy revolution that he started, which means that to clarify the true meaning of Marx’s philosophical revolution is the logic premise for grasping the nature of Marx’s philosophy; and the different answers of the essence of Marx’s philosophy originate from the different understanding of Marx’s philosophical revolution. When it comes to the topic of the Marx’s philosophy, it’s impossible for us to bypass the philosophical revolution that Marx realized and its substantive issues. Because of this, since the birth of Marx’s philosophy, how to accurately understand Marx’s philosophy has always been a hot and difficult problem in the research of philosophical theory. Also it is a basic topic.This paper holds that although philosophy change means the change of the philosophical theory and views from the surface, it should be the philosophy change of thinking in essence or from the sense in the final analysis, because the system of philosophy or certain theoretical views are determined by certain philosophical thinking paradigm. In this sense, only to grasp the thinking paradigm implied in the theory views, can the spirit essence of the philosophy be understood, and only the conversion of the thinking paradigm can bring significant breakthrough of the theory. Because Marx founded the practical thinking paradigm which is different from the thinking paradigm of traditional ontology, he was able to realize transcending the traditional philosophy. The establishment of practical thinking paradigm is the essence of Marx’s philosophical revolution. The practical thinking paradigm is the highest feature and the supreme essence of the Marx’s new philosophy, and all the theory innovations come from his unique practical thinking paradigm.The first chapter discusses the forming process of practical thinking paradigm. In view of the ideological heritage of the history of western philosophy, the philosophy theories and viewpoints before the birth of Marx’s philosophy have been experiencing changes and showing a colorful picture, but from the perspective of thinking paradigm, the traditional ontological thinking paradigm is consistent and the object of Marx’s philosophical revolution is the thinking paradigm. German classical philosophy questioned it within the acceptable scope of the ontological thinking paradigm, and made the corresponding reforms--especially Hagel’s speculative ontological thinking paradigm and Feuerbach’s humanism thinking paradigm. Although this is not a fundamental change, but the accumulation of quantitative changes provides the thought premises and the theoretical preparations for the final qualitative change, therefore it plays a connecting role between the former and the latter."Economic&Philosophic Manuscripts of1844" was written on the eve of Marx’s philosophy revolution, with the humanism thinking paradigm of Feuerbach type which he thought reasonable, he criticized the material-centric thinking paradigm in the national economics. And the "Notebook Ⅲ" also reflects the criticisms and references on Hagel’s speculative ontological thinking paradigm. Ontology and the theory of "object activity" contain the important factors of Marx’s new world outlook. These factors conflict with the dominant humanism thinking paradigm. And the coexistence phenomenon for the two factors of the old and the new philosophy is decided by the "special status" of the "Manuscript" as a connecting link between the preceding and the following. Because of this, the philosophical revolution launched by Marx after a few months is understandable, and also because of this, this text is essential for understanding the formation process of the practical thinking paradigm.The second chapter discusses the final establishment of the practical thinking paradigm. The interpretation of "practice" category which is different from the tradition is the key to establish the practical thinking paradigm. In the "The Outline of Feuerbach" and the "The German Ideology", Marx criticized clearly the opposition between labor and practice established by Aristotle, saw the internal connection between them, and realized the practicization of labor and the evolution from the labour to the practice, from the practice as activities to the practice as thinking paradigm, finally established the practical thinking paradigm and realized the philosophy revolution. Before the birth of Marx’s philosophy, the old materialism philosophy adheres to the material-centric thinking paradigm, and idealist philosophy persists in the idealist-centric thinking paradigm. They seem contradictory, but in fact extremes meet from a broader perspective and all belong to the traditional ontological thinking paradigm. Practical thinking paradigm grasps the world and thinks the problems in accordance with the inner nature of practice, which reflects the subjectivity basing on practice and the directivity to the real-life world. The establishment of the practical thinking paradigm realized transcending fundamentally the traditional ontological thinking paradigm. The third chapter states the theory core of Marx’s philosophy-practical thinking paradigm. Thinking paradigm is the theoretical core of philosophy and philosophy is essentially a kind of thinking paradigm, which means that the difference of thinking paradigm determines the unique appearance of the philosophy. The theory core of Marx’s philosophy is his practical thinking paradigm and the transformation of thinking paradigm is the change of theoretical core which shows the conversion of the core concept, philosophical method and theoretical theme. The practical thinking paradigm is the theoretical core of Marx’s philosophy, and it also has its own core which is the practical ontology. As the noumenon, practice is the possibility to open the future, the history shows of humanbeings existence, and to open the extant perceptual world. Marx believed that the world is constructed by "practice", and the history is just the result of practical construction, or directly is the starting practice itself, which constitute the theoretical form of practical thinking paradigm:"the practical historical materialism" Marx didn’t regard dialectics as the object of regulation, but as a fundamental method of his practical thinking paradigm in use, and also as the methodology and logic of "the practical historical materialism". The practical dialectics, whose realistic expressions are the researches on practice and the analyses and criticisms on the capitalist society, run through Marx’s whole theory. The practical ontology, the practical dialectics and the practical historical materialism form a trinity core of the philosophical theory.The fourth chapter rethinks the traditional interpretation mode armed with practical thinking paradigm. The so-called "traditional interpretation model" refers to the textbook model on Marx’s philosophy in Soviet, and this kind of model still lives today. This model admits that the Marxist philosophy has realized the revolutionary change in the history of philosophy, but in the specific interpretation and explanation it always puts it down to the level of the old materialism which had been criticized and surpassed by Marx. The important reason is that we don’t achieve the state that "to think" like Marx when we understand the Marxist philosophy, which means that we don’t change the thinking paradigm and still use the material-centric thinking paradigm of the old materialism before Marx’s philosophy to consider the Marxist philosophy. This way of thinking makes Marx’s philosophy show obvious tendency of "positive science" and causes misunderstanding on Marxist philosophy. So we can not grasp the essence of Marx’s philosophy. The first section of this chapter discusses the reasons for this situation-the impacts on Chinese scholars studying Marxist philosophy by the "Soviet Philosophy Mode" and "The Debate of Science and Metaphysics", then with the practical thinking paradigm makes a complete rethink on the ontology, dialectics, epistemology and view of history segmentally in accordance with the traditional textbook, in order to promote the study on Marxist philosophy.