| Seeking similarities in differences, distinguishing differences in similarities, is the basic requirements of awareness activities about understanding the nature by phenomenon, from the particular to the general, and then from the general to the specific infinitively. Comparison between socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism in this thesis, is not confined to identify their different points and same points, but rather adhering to the "three steps":The first step, according to the Marxist classical writers’classic dissertation and the Chinese Communist Party’s authority literature, combing the forming and developing history of the classical scientific socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics longitudinally, combing process is the longitudinal comparison process. The second step, base on the longitudinal combing and comparison, identify the "similarities in differences" and "differences in similarities" of socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism. The third step, combining the two "isms" forming, developing history and the specific practical of advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics, try to analyze the reasons of their two different, but have the same, the same in different on several aspects and recognizing the significance of this dialectical same, different relationship.According to above-mentioned "three steps", this thesis compare socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism from their background and historical conditions of formation and development, fundamental standpoint, viewpoints and methods, the understanding of "What is socialism","how to build socialism", pointing out that the two "ism" are organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities":I.Compare the background and historical conditions of formation and development. Now look, the formation time of classical scientific socialism is more than one hundred years earlier than socialism with Chinese characteristics’, the "generation gap" between them is obvious and huge. But behind the "generation gap" there is some intrinsic link: Wether Marx and Engels’scientific socialism, or scientific socialism in Leninism stage, or socialism with Chinese characteristics, their formation and development can not be separated from the background and historical conditions of the revolution in science and technology, economic globalization, development of capitalism. The two theories are the result of development to a certain extent of productive forces and mass production of social system, rather than subjective creation. From the above sense, the two are "similarities in differences". Simultaneously, we should also see:The revolution in science and technology, economic globalization, development of capitalism in different periods are different in many respects such as level of development, basic characteristics and sphere of influence. So their significance to the formation and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism is different. From the above sense, the two are " differences in similarities ".II. Compare the basic standpoint, viewpoints and methods. The standpoint, viewpoints and methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism is Marxism philosophy’s basic standpoint, viewpoints and methods, which we should always insist, will not change. But they can and should be generalized and elucidated newly based on different historical conditions and tasks. Because of facing different conditions and contemporary issues, the specific application of these standpoint, viewpoints, methods by Classic scientific socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics is different. Looking from the standpoint, the standpoint of the working class and the vast majority of people is the basic standpoint of both socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism. Meanwhile, the basic standpoint is different in the referring range, manifestations and short-term tasks. Looking from viewpoints and methods, basic content and spiritual essence of the two is same. The viewpoints and methods of socialism with Chinese characteristics are the use and innovation in practice, the inheritance and development in theory of the viewpoints and methods of classical scientific socialism. The innovation and development is the concentrated expression that the ideological line of socialism with Chinese characteristics which considers "seeking truth from facts" as the core, is the result of adapting the viewpoints and methods of classical scientific socialism to Chinese conditions, the popularization of the viewpoints and methods of classical scientific socialism. So the standpoint, viewpoints, methods of classical scientific socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics are the organic unity of "differences in similarities". This mainly because that Marxism Philosophy is the essence requirements of practical materialism and has the fundamental features of critical, scientific, and revolutionary. Understanding the dialectic relationship between similarities and differences can help Chinese Communists to enhance the consciousness and enthusiasm of using Marxist standpoint, viewpoints and methods to carry out theoretical and practice innovation.III.Compare the theory about "what is socialism".1. The theory of the nature of socialism is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". Looking from the basic context of argument, Marx’s and Engels’dissertation on the nature of the future socialist society is based on the fact that capitalism has been destroyed, has been developed productive forces highly, they did not specify high-developed productive forces as the essential characteristic of socialism clearly. Socialism with Chinese characteristics which has been growing up in China that was economically and culturally backward, is in the primary stage of socialism, is not the "ripened fruit" of capitalism, do not have the highly developed level of productivity. It can be said, the classic scientific socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics about the nature of socialism, are based on highly developed productive forces, however, this basis of the former is "complete", the latter is the "in progress". Looking from the basic content of the nature of socialism, classic scientific socialism thinks that the highest essential embodiment of socialism (communism) is to eliminate the class, to achieve everyone’s free and comprehensive development. Socialism with Chinese characteristics thinks that the highest essential embodiment of the primary stage of socialism is elimination of exploitation and polarization, and ultimately achieving common prosperity. It can be said that both of them reveal the essence of socialism from the highest target. But the goals and means are relative, eliminate exploitation and polarization, and achieving common prosperity ultimately of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the highest-level goals, others are means. Relative to eliminating classes, achieving everyone’s free and comprehensive development of classical scientific socialism, elimination of exploitation and polarization, achieving common prosperity ultimately has become a means. From the above sense, the two are "similarities in differences". Simultaneously, we should also see:Though two "-ism" regard the "people" as the starting and ending points, achieve the full development of human freedom, high degree of harmony between human beings each other, human beings and nature. But the logic of achieving highest goal is different. The logic of classical scientific socialism can be summarized as:proletarian revolution-smashing the old state machinery, the eradication of private ownership-eliminating the opposition and differences between different classes, urban and rural areas, mental and physical labor-achieving whatever, what they need, everyone’s free and comprehensive development, solving the contradiction between man and man,man and nature completely. The logic of socialism with Chinese characteristics is likely to:new democratic revolution-transformation of the old state machinery, the establishment of a new socialist regime-emancipating and developing productive forces, eliminating exploitation and polarization, and gradually achieving common prosperity-achieving whatever, what they need, everyone’s free and comprehensive development, solving the contradiction between man and man, man and nature completely. From the above sense, they are "differences in similarities".2. The theory of basic system features of socialist society is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". They are mainly reflected in:Firstly, thought about a socialist society characterized by highly developed productive forces is "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". Socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism both follow the fundamental that material production is the basis and precondition for the existence of human society, productivity is the ultimate decision power of all social development, regard he highly developed productive forces as the primary character of mature socialism. To Marx and Engels’ classic scientific socialism, highly developed productive forces is the material premise and foundation, especially for mature socialism, advanced stage of communism, this premise is naturally inherent logic requires, is relatively "Completion". To socialism with Chinese characteristics, highly developed productive forces is an inevitable requirement and end result, is relatively "progress". From the above sense, they are "differences in similarities". Simultaneously, we should also see:Differences between "completion" and "progress" is differences only in the relative sense, both of them require a development process, and the purpose of this development process is to assure and satisfy all reasonable needs of each person, to achieve common prosperity. From the above sense, they are "similarities in differences". Secondly, production ownership theory is "similarities in differences". Looking from the forming intrinsic basis and conditions,"Production are owned by society as a whole direct possession" of classic scientific socialism and "Public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop together" of socialism with Chinese characteristics are conclusions based on different conditions and foundation. But they are not out of thin air, both base on certain historical conditions and the actual situation of social development, decided by the principal contradiction of social development. Looking from the developing degree of public ownership of production, the "public ownership" of socialism with Chinese characteristics can not cover the entire community, a considerable part manifested as local public ownership or group public ownership, a large number of public ownership built on small-scale production, and the vast majority of public ownership has taken the form of state ownership or government ownership, there is the possibility of legal ownership separating from economic ownership of public assets. So the "public ownership" of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the "public ownership" of future socialist society said by founders of Marxism are simply not a development dimension. Socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhering to the "public ownership as the mainstay", is the economic system beneficial to the working class and the laboring masses, state ownership and government ownership is the "primary forms" of future development of social ownership,"quasi public ownership". Thirdly, the theory of personal distribution of consumer goods is "similarities in differences". Looking from the basis and prerequisites of the distribution theory, the distribution theory of Marxism founders needs basic conditions of highly developed productive forces, production owned by society as a whole common share, the demise of commodity economy and commodity exchange. Socialism with Chinese characteristics at this stage do not have one, not only uphold the basic economic system that the public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop together, which because the level of productivity is still backward relatively, also develop the socialist market economy because the less developed of commodity economy. Obviously, the two distribution methods have their precondition, adapted to their corresponding conditions. There is no sense, if you leave these conditions to talk distribution and allocation of these principles. Looking from the main content of the theory of distribution according to work, the Marxism founders in addition to giving some ideas of a specific distribution way of the future socialist society, proposing the principles of distribution according to contribution, reflecting the formal equality and in fact inequality, recognizing the individual ownership of labor is more important. Under the conditions of the socialist market economy, socialism with Chinese characteristics is impossible to implement the principle of distribution fully envisaged by the Marxism founders. But the two are intrinsically linked and homogeneity:the principles of production factors of labor, capital, technology and management participating in the distribution according to contribution and distribution according to contribution of distribution according to work are consistent internally, the problem of the formal equality and in fact inequality of "Distribution according to work is dominant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist" is more serious, both of them agree that ownership of labor force has an important role in distribution according to labor. Fourthly, the theory of dictatorship of the proletariat is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". The social conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat said by Marx and people’s democratic dictatorship of socialism with Chinese characteristics are different. So the dictatorship of the proletariat is different from people’s democratic dictatorship. But their substance is same:Marxist classical writers think that dictatorship of the proletariat is the collective career of the vast majority of the working class, laborers, the unity of democracy and dictatorship,"people’s democratic dictatorship" links the substance of "dictatorship of the proletariat" closely, not only regards the position of the people as masters of the country as the core content and essential requirements of developing socialist democracy, but also ensures the unity of the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country and law-based governance. From the above sense, they are "similarities in differences". Meanwhile,"people’s democratic dictatorship" is different from "dictatorship of the proletariat" in the range of "most people", the specific form of political organization. From the above sense, they are also "differences in similarities". Fifthly, the theory of socialist spiritual civilization (construction) is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". Looking from the realistic foundation and conditions of spiritual status, the spiritual civilization status of the future socialist society’s newcomers discussed by Marx and Engels links to highly developed productive forces, public ownership of production and the disappearance of class antagonisms, exploitation phenomenon closely. But the spiritual civilization status of socialism with Chinese characteristics constrained by the developing degree of productive forces and relations of production, effected by some more backward, traditional ideas adversely, can not achieve very high level in a short period. But this difference reflects the objective laws that the spiritual civilization is the result of social and economic relations in the final analysis. Looking from the ideal goal and path selection of spiritual civilization construction, two "isms" both regard greatly improved man’s spiritual realm, comprehensive development of human liberation as the highest ideals and goals. But for socialism with Chinese characteristics,"building" is more important, and adheres to the specific choice of ways and means of the combination of communist ideal, spirit of the times and the national spirit. From the above sense, the theory about "what is socialism" of socialism with Chinese characteristics and classical scientific socialism is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". This mainly because that they are the result of different levels of productivity and production, scientific socialism has the theory character of advancing with the times. Understanding the dialectic relationship between similarities and differences helps us to understand the origin and development relations of classical scientific socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics better.IV.Compare the theory about "how to build socialism".1. The theory about laying material foundation of socialism is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". In the view of classical scientific socialism, after the proletariat of developed capitalist countries the seizing power, can inherit developed productive forces from the old capitalist society longitudinally, transform private ownership of production and lay the material foundation of the new socialist society further. But socialism with Chinese characteristics has no such possibility of inheriting developed productive forces from the old capitalist society longitudinally. It wants to lay the material foundation for transformation to mature socialism soon, must focus to learn the advanced experience of developing productive forces from contemporary capitalist countries in the process of accumulating and developing productive forces by itself. Obviously, the two are very different paths. But looking from the basic connotation, these two paths are not off the relationship with capitalism, must understand and handle relations with the capitalist. From the above sense, they are "similarities in differences". Meanwhile, two paths reveal two distinct relationships between socialism and capitalism:the historical inheritance of mature socialism and capitalism; relationships of reference, cooperation, competition, coexistence between primary stage of socialism and capitalism. From the above sense, they are also "differences in similarities".2. The theory about socialist economic system is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". In the view of classical scientific socialism, the future new society should plan to organize all the social production, eliminate the commodity economy. Socialism with Chinese characteristics advocates establishing and improving the socialist market economic system. Obviously, the selections of the economic systems are very different. But the same is that their selections all proposed to "the capitalist market economy". From the above sense, they are "similarities in differences". Simultaneously, we should also see: The two "capitalist market economies" belong to different stages of development, have different characteristics. From the above sense, they are also "differences in similarities".3. The theory about socialist reform, opening up is "differences in similarities". Firstly, classic scientific socialism on the socialist idea of reform is the theoretical basis of the reform theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, but from deeper look, they have the same, more profound theoretical basis. Compared with capitalist society, the production relations and superstructure of socialist society can adapt the developing requirements of advanced productive forces and economic basis. But like other new things, its production relations and superstructure also needs a gradual maturation process, so it is inevitable that there are certain aspects and links incompatible with the development of productive forces in the developing process. Moreover, in the primary stage of socialism, this contradiction has different status and forms, the reform theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics bases on them more directly. Looking from the nature of reformation, socialist society’s "change and reform" which is said by Engels and the reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics is self-improvement and development of the socialist system. But the latter has a profound and broad revolutionary significance, is China’s second revolution. Secondly, the theory of socialist opening-up is "differences in similarities". Looking from realistic basis for opening, the opening thought of two "-isms" is based on the factual basis of widespread worldwide contacts and exchanges triggered by large industrial and capitalist commodity economy. But this same fact itself has some differences in development areas, extents and forms. The time when Marx and Engels discussed the theory of opening up of socialist society, is only in the developing stage of free competition capitalism, the history of mankind has just completed the transition to world history. When the theory of opening up of socialism with Chinese characteristics formatted, capitalism has grown to national, international monopoly stage, the degree of intertillages and interdependent between countries around the world has reached a new height. Looking from the contents of opening up, the socialism envisaged by Marx and Engels has a higher degree of capitalist socialization of production and openness than capitalism and has obtained the worldwide triumph. To such socialism,"open" has become its own nature, intrinsic property. Moreover, with the gradual elimination of commodity economy, class, ethnicity, national,"open" is the harmony communication between human beings each other, human beings and nature, human beings and the Commonwealth without internal barriers in the community of free individual, without the said of "external", the issues of along with capitalism. The Soviet Union in the period of Leninist and socialism with Chinese characteristics are founded based on the basis of backward economy and culture, underdeveloped capitalism, socialism are just "one country" or "several States" victories, socialism and capitalism, two systems co-exist in the world. Under these conditions, how to handle the relationship with capitalism correctly, utilize capitalism to build socialism became a major socialism opening topic of the two countries in succession.4. The theory about upholding the core leadership of proletarian political parties is organic unity of "similarities in differences","differences in similarities". Two "-isms" all think that socialism, communism is linked to the Communist Party closely, should adhere to its leadership position. But the theory of upholding the core leadership of proletarian political parties expounded by Marxist classical writers, mainly aims the tasks and characteristics of the parties of the proletariat when they lead to seize power. Its core content is describing the inherent nature of the Communist Party’s nature, guiding ideology, objectives, organizational structure. As the ruling party in the new era, the core task of the Communist Party of China is to achieve socialist modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through effective governance gradually, to help the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics to obtain one victory after another. From the above sense, they are "differences in similarities". Meanwhile, their ultimate mission is to create the necessary conditions for achieving communism, the liberation of the proletariat and all working people. From the above sense they are also "similarities in differences". This mainly because that the founders of Marxism did not personally participate in the practice of building socialism, Leninism about "how to build socialism" is a preliminary exploration. In contrast, the exploration of "how to build socialism" of socialism with Chinese characteristics has the strong characteristics of practicality, times, nationality and people. Understanding the dialectic relationship between similarities and differences helps us to deepen the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics in theory and practice further.Finally, on the basis of comparison, trying to discriminate the "outdated theory "and "deviation theory" reasonably and make the conclusions realistically. |
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