| Agriculture in human society, with a history of10,000odd years, has developed into its modern stage after experiencing the primary and traditional stages successively. Modern agriculture, known as petroleum agriculture, however, in recent decades has met with a stalemate. China, too, as a successor to the West that, in its process of modernization, has followed the basic model of developing modern agriculture, is now facing the dilemma:on one hand, in order to meet the ever-increasing demands for agricultural products, China has to develop with tremendous efforts modern agriculture to constantly raise food production; on the other hand, it has to reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution to tackle with the greater-than-ever pressure from both resource and environment, and meanwhile ensure the security of its agricultural products. It has been proved that this dilemma will not be solved unless China commits itself to resource-saving and environment-friendly agriculture (Two-Oriented Agriculture) rather than industrial agriculture once popular in west countries which is characterized by massive production, high yield, high energy consumption and high level of pollution.All around the world, it has become common that governments provide support and guidance to the development of agriculture in their countries. So in China, a common view has been held by researchers who are studying Two-Oriented Agriculture that Chinese government needs to interpose in the construction of the Two-Oriented Agricultural Production System. The government plays the main part in the construction, but its role is not exclusive, it also needs to interact with markets and the society. Only by distinguishing its role from the roles of markets and the society can a government focus its attention on regulation and guidance in the construction of such system and bring about a cumulative effect of its policy.This research begins with an explanation of the connotations of Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System from the multifunctional perspective and the post-modern perspective with an aim to evoke its new implications. In this chapter, it also illustrates four different forms of agriculture, i.e., Two-Oriented Agriculture, Traditional Agriculture, Modern Agriculture and Alternative Agriculture together with their relationship with each other. It points out that Two-Oriented Agriculture fundamentally integrates Traditional Agriculture and Modern Agriculture and the term Alternative Agriculture is exactly another expression of Two-Oriented Agriculture, which, according to its developing model, can be put into three categories:Organic Agriculture, Comprehensive Ecological Agriculture and Leisure and Sighting Agriculture. Besides, this chapter states the reasons why, in constructing Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System, a government’s guidance is only too necessary from the aspects of public goods, externality, information asymmetries and market failure, and then explores the role and significance of governments in the construction of Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System in the process of marketalization. To establish a government-guidance mechanism for the construction of the Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System in China, we need to use for reference the successful experience of other countries. Therefore, this research chooses America, German, Japan and Cuba as case studies.Farmers are the main object to whom a government provides support and guidance in the construction of Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System, so the participation of farmers is regarded as the key to the successful operation of such system. Accordingly, this study also conducts a field survey of the farmers in China who have been engaged in Two-Oriented Agriculture, some acting self-consciously, the others in response to some guidance. After studying these cases carefully, the research draws that it’s necessary and indispensable to introduce the government-guidance mechanism in the construction of Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System. In succession, this chapter proceeds to probe how the government-guided mechanism operates in developing Organic Agriculture, Comprehensive Ecological Agriculture and Leisure Agriculture respectively in China, and meanwhile reveals the deficiencies resulting from the restraining factors such as labor force, technology, funds, organization and management system. Last but not the least, this research puts forward a theoretical framework of a government-guided mechanism for the construction of a well-tailored Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System by referring to the successful experience of other countries. In ending the research a support system, including an idea-cultivating mechanism, a legal mechanism, a market incentive mechanism, a technical support mechanism and an organization coordination mechanism, is also suggested.To make the study reliable, such research methods as DEA. AHP, Grey Related Analysis and MATLAB were adopted to make an empirical evaluation of the effects that the guidance from31provincial, regional and municipal governments had upon the construction of Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System within these areas. Based on the analysis of such evaluation, some data were drawn on the validity of the government-guided mechanism. As a consequence, these data will provide decision support to improve and perfect the government-guided mechanism for the construction of Two-Oriented Agriculture Production System. |
