| After the spread of SARS in 2003,National Emergency Management System(NEMS)has been established in China.The NEMS is based on planning,organization system,management mechanisms and laws.In terms of emergency management research,there are many perspectives in the area.In order to find social science foundations for emergency management,the trend of integrated disaster research has been emerged.Many concepts like "collective behavior","Social system,’,"organization structure" and "cultural background" were used in disaster research.Social science disaster research can adjust managerialism in our system,and help us to grasp social laws in disasters.In social science research,the concept of "risk","crisis" and "disaster" originate from the studies on both society and natural hazards.As a result,disaster research has obtained an inter-disciplinary status.Traditionally,main social science cognitions have been classified according to event-functionalism,social constructivism,as well as vulnerability,uncertainty,and power resources.This dissertation reveals that holistic research paradigm is the trend of disaster research.DRC disciplinary perspective,crisis-based perspective and risk-crisis evolution framework are three main approaches to holistic disaster research.As a holistic research,this dissertation focus on constructing a new discourse system to explain disaster dynamics,and connecting abstract theories of disaster research with emergency management practices.There are two main research questions:How to construct a holistic discourse to explain the disaster dynamics?And how to enhance our emergency management system from the perspective of the new theory?The two questions become the major part of this research.In the first part,facing ambiguous concept and various theories in disaster,I try to narrow this definitional gap.This research reviewed the concept of risk,crisis and disaster in social science,the result of this study presents a new logical analysis framework constructed on the pillars of;"hazard".,"linkage" and "consequence".It facilitates an understanding of disaster research from a social science approach.Also,this study presents;"risk-crisis evolution model",social vulnerability and trigging agents were used as catalyst in this model.Politic,society.economics and culture are four parts of social vulnerability.That’s all make disaster manageable.The new cdiscourse of disaster dynanmic was established b、y the concept of social xulnerability.It also makes disaster theory and disaster management cycle more related than before.In the second part,after the work of macro-theory construction,this study needs to find some middle-range concepts to enhance the emergency management practice.For this purpose,this paper presents a Social Vulnerability Pyramid Model(SVPM)which including the concept of organizational adaptation,vulnerability distribution and disaster culture.Firstly,issues like intergovernmental relationship,resource management,risk governance and planning management are classical research thesis in political-administration disaster research tradition.This study see the situation gap as the basic nature of disaster management system,then use DRC typology to classify four ideal types of organizational adaptation which are established,expanding,extending and emergent.Planning adaptation and improvisation are two steps of organizational adaptation.In the process of organizational adaptation to disaster,risk perception,structure and task are three main restraint factors.Secondly,this study deems that disaster problem is one kind of social problem,social status after disaster related to the pre-disaster social status.This study presents the concept of vulnerability distribution,then compared this concept with risk distribution from the dimensions of complexity society,all-hazards,normal accident,management dynamics,local orient and manageable.There are natural process and social process in vulnerability distribution.This two processes help distribute natural capital,social capital,public capital and people’s capital between various social groups and people.Finally,it makes social groups exposed to hazards unequally and the capabilities among the groups are dramatically different.Thirdly,disaster culture reflected the influence of culture force in disaster management.In the context of disaster cultural,values,norms,beliefs and knowledge can influence disaster policy making,policy evaluation and other parts of management work.In Disaster management cycle,mitigation,response and recovery stage are corresponding to risk culture,disaster myth and social learning.Disaster culture reveals that the characteristic of organizations,people,expert,media and society in disaster cognition,knowledge dissemination and social learning process.In the part of policy application,this study presents the following conclusions.First,this paper constructed a new discourse system from the perspective of social vulnerability.Second,this research advice to build an openness and dynamic disaster management system,and dealing with the relationship between planning adaptation and improvisation correctly.Third,In order to reduce the vulnerability of special social groups,we need to construct social management for intervening vulnerability distribution process.The last but not least,we should treat cultivate disaster culture as an important work in disaster management practice and research. |
