| The grape industry of Sichuan province has rapidly developed in recent years. At prerent, the grape cultivated area is about 40,000 hectares and produces more than 500,000 tons berry, economic benefit is about 4 billion Yuan. The grape industry has become the leading industry to get rich for peasants in Sichuan and the region of grape production has turned into an exemplary sample in high quality, efficient and standardized viticulture. However, since chemical and single fertilizers were applied for a long time, and the wrong fertilization methods lead to the berry quality being worse now. Hence, the researches should be applied urgently to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the high quality and efficiency, environmental friendly and soil repairment of grape industry. The 'Xiangyue' grape was used as experimental material to investigate the effect on soil physicochemical property, berry quality and economic benefit of different fertilizer formulas and the yellowing leaves prevention in local vineyard; the dedicated formulated fertilizer was developed according to the best fertilizer formula and applied to vineyard. In addition, aiming to remedy the problem of vineyard soil cadmium contamination, the hyperaccumulator straw, abscisic acid, grafting, different ecotypes of hyperaccumulators hybridization were applied to study the effects of improving hyperaccumulators on remediation of vineyard soil, which would provide the reference to the remediation of soil cadmium contaminated vineyard and other orchards. The researches can provide scientific guides for high-quality, efficient and high economic benefit of viticulture, also can guarantee the sustainable development of grape industry. Meanwhile, these researches can produce important scientific and practical values.Major results were summarized as follows:1. AS the yield is 1500kg/667m2, TSS is greater than 17.5%, single weight is 0.75-1.0kg, different fertilizer formulas were designed based on soil elements contents and planned output. The results showed that the best fertilizer formula was to apply 1000 kg dry chicken manure and 100kg calcium superphosphate in autumn,39-41kg urea and 6kg effective boron before buds germination,35-37kg monoammonium phosphate and 10kg urea during fruit expanding process,67kg potassium sulphate during berry version (per 667m2), which can significantly improve the soil physical and chemical properties, the quality and economic benefits of grape fruit. The best fertilizer formula improved soil pH value, increased organic content and soil porosity by 14.94-31.10% and 7.02-8.19%, decreased soil bulk density by 7.02-8.19%, compared with the control. The best formula also increased TSS, total sugar content and soluble solids-acid ratio by 13.69-14.54%? 9.41-18.72%?16.34-23.78% respectively, compared with the control. Also, the cost input was decreased by 930-980 Yuan/667m2 and economic benefit was increased by 3930-3980 Yuan/667m2 when the best formula was applied.2. The nutrient diagnosis and precautions were conducted for the yellowing leaves in local vineyard by single (5,7.5 and 10kg level, respectively) and mixture (5,7.5 and 10kg level, total weight) element application. The results showed that, Mg deficiency is the main reason for the leaves yellowing, single application of Mg, Fe, Zn or Mn can improve the leaves yellowing and berry quality in 10kg/667m2,5kg/667m2,5kg/667m2 and 5kg/667m2 levels, respectively. The effect of single application was better than that of mixture application by comparison the leaves yellowing and fruit quality between different treatments. We also found that Mg content was low in local vineyard, while other elements were normal, after analyzed the elements content in leaves and soil, so we suggested that Mg should be added in fertilizer in future.3. The dedicated formulated fertilizer was developed according to best fertilizer formula above. The best fertilizer formula was to apply 1000kg dry chicken manure and 100kg calcium superphosphate in autumn,50kg dedicated fertilizer (containing 68% Urea, 22% ammonium sulfate,10% borax) before buds germination,70kg dedicated fertilizer (containing 54.5% ammonium phosphate,14.5% urea,14% humic acid,14% magnesium sulfate,1.5% EDTA zinc,1.5% EDTA iron) during fruit expanding process,67kg potassium sulphate during berry version (per 667m2), which can significantly improve the soil physical and chemical properties, the quality and economic benefits of grape fruit. The dedicated formulated fertilizer improved soil pH value, increased organic content and soil porosity by 14.07-22.63%,4.98-5.02%, decreased soil bulk density by 7.65-10.59%, compared with the control. The best formula also increased TSS, total sugar content, ratio of soluble solids-acid and ratio of sugar-acid by 11.63-17.31%,10.98-13.22%, 11.65-24.58%,12.31-12.54% respectively, compared with the control. Also, the cost input was decreased 950-1050 Yuan/667m2 and economic benefit was increased by 3950-4050 Yuan/667m2 when the best formula was applied.4. The cadmium hyperaccumulator straws of Youngia erythrocarpa, Bidens pilosa, Solanum photeinocarpum and Siegesbeckia orientalis were applied in cadmium contaminated soil of vineyard, and the effects of hyperaccumulator straw on the cadmium accumulation of Galinsoga parviflora were studied. The biomass and the antioxidant enzyme activity of G. parviflora were increased by application of the straw of Y. erythrocarpa compared with the control. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa increased the shoot biomass, SOD activity, POD activity and CAT activity of G. parviflora by 7.33%,3.66%, 19.12% and 13.10% respectively, compared with the control. The straws of B. pilosa, S. photeinocarpum and S. orientalis decreased the biomass and the antioxidant enzyme activity of G. parviflora. The straws of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa increased the cadmium extraction amount in shoots of G. parviflora with 112.28 and 95.88 ?g/plant, which increased by 23.11% and 6.07% respectively compared with the control, but the straws of S. photeinocarpum and S. orientalis decreased that. Therefore, the straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa could effectively improve the cadmium remediation ability of G. parviflora, and the straw of Y. erythrocarpa demonstrated to be the best material.5. The effects of applying abscisic acid (ABA) on cadmium accumulations of two ecotypes (mining and farmland) of Solanum photeinocarpum were investigated. The results showed that ABA increased the biomasses, cadmium contents and cadmium extractions of two ecotypes of S. photeinocarpum. With the increase of ABA concentration, the biomasses of two ecotypes of S. photeinocarpum increased, but the cadmium contents and cadmium extractions increased first and then decreased. The maximum cadmium contents and cadmium extractions in shoots of two ecotypes of S. photeinocarpum were obtained at 20 ?mol/L ABA. The maximum cadmium content and cadmium extraction in shoots of the mining ecotype were 47.22 mg/kg and 569.42 ?g/plant, which increased by 33.92% and 63.94% respectively compared with the control; the farmland ecotype were 38.41 mg/kg and 520.51 ?g/plant, which increased by 24.71% and 42.60% respectively compared with the control. Therefore,20 ?mol/L ABA was the optimal dose for enhancing the remediation ability of S. photeinocarpum to vineyard soil.6. The primary and further experiments were conducted to study the effects of inter-species rootstocks on cadmium accumulation characteristics of Solanum photeinocarpum post-grafting generation plants. Four treatments were ungrafted (UG) and S. photeinocarpum seedlings grafted on the rootstocks of eggplant (EG), potato (PG) and tomato (TG). In two pot experiments, TG increased the biomass, cadmium content and cadmium extraction of S. photeinocarpum post-grafting generation plants. TG increased the biomass by 5.95% and 6.38%, increased cadmium content by 5.68% and 9.28%, increased cadmium extraction by 11.96% and 16.24% respectively compared with UG in the primary experiment and further experiment. EG and PG did not obvious affect these items, and some of them reduced. Therefore, grafting could enhance the ability of S. photeinocarpum post-grafting generation plants to remediate Cd-contaminated soil of vineyard, and use of tomato as rootstock was the best.7. Solanum nigrum seedlings were collected from two different climate-ecology regions of the Western Sichuan Basin, the Central Subtropical-Long-Spring and Summer-Drought Zone (Yucheng, Ya'an) and the Mountain-Central Subtropical-Cold Zone (Pengshan, Meishan), to carry out reciprocal hybridizing and to study the cadmium accumulation characteristics of F1 hybrids of S. nigrum. In the two pot experiments (primary and further experiments), the biomass, cadmium content and cadmium extraction of Meishan (parent) were higher than Ya'an (parent). The biomass and cadmium extraction of reciprocal hybridizing F1 hybrids were higher than those of the parents, but the cadmium content in different organs was lower than those of the parents. These results indicated that the biomass and cadmium extraction of F1 hybrids showed over-parent heterosis, and the cadmium content showed hybrid weakness. In the further experiment, the shoot biomass of F1 hybrid (Meishan father) increased by 23.75% and 49.01% respectively compared with Meishan (parent) and Ya'an (parent), and cadmium extraction increased by 4.14% and 36.74% respectively; the shoot biomass of F1 hybrid (Ya'an father) increased by 24.13% and 49.47% respectively compared with Meishan (parent) and Ya'an (parent), and cadmium extraction increased by 8.59% and 42.58% respectively. The biomass, cadmium content and cadmium extraction of F1 hybrid (Meishan father) were lower than F1 hybrid (Ya'an father). Therefore, the reciprocal hybridizing S. nigrum of different climate-ecology regions could be used to improve the remediation ability of S. nigrum to cadmium contaminated soil of vineyard, and the cadmium extraction by the F1 hybrid from larger cadmium extraction amount of S. nigrum as female to hybridize was higher than that of the smaller cadmium extraction amount of S. nigrum as female. |
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