| As one of the important natural wetland types,coastal wetland is a complex natural syntheses sitting between Marine ecosystem and the terrestrial ecosystem.Its special structure and internal ecosystem processes resulted in high productivity and biodiversity,providing rich material and a number of ecosystem services for human beings,such as raw materials,food production,carbon sequestration,wave reduction,climate regulation,and gas regulation,etc.Whether the wetland service functions can be performed depends on processes of ecological and geographical system in different time and space scales,that is to say the research process and research conclusions of the wetland ecosystem service functions depend on the specific research scale.As to the evaluation of the larger scale of coastal wetland ecosystem services,it is of great uncertainty to extrapolate or multiply the value of small wetlands areas.Therefore,it is urgent to investigate the scale transformation technology of the study of coastal wetland ecosystem service evaluation.Hence,we can base the spatial variation rules and the traditional method to evaluate the total value of large-scale coastal wetland ecosystem.In this paper,the coastal wetlands in Liaoning province is taken as the research object.Firstly,two methods of scale transform named Meta analysis and Wavelet transform were choiced to make optimization treatment.The optimization of meta analysis including three aspects named weight analysis,data conversion and value adjustment while the wavelet transform including the weight analysis,wavelet function and space reconstruction.Secondly,two optimized transform methods were used to evaluate the value of coastal wetland ecosystem services for Liaoning province in china.Finally,we compared of simulated values in two transform scale methods with observed values cased six typical coastal wetlands in liaoning province to receive the accuracy in both methods,then we can get the better scale transform method in the evaluation of ecosystem services especially in the lager space scales.The main results are as follows:(1)The research on coastal wetland ecosystem services showed that different beneficiaries and different social attribute characteristics of different interviewees mainly focused on different coastal wetlands ecosystem services.The local relevant beneficiaries pay more attention on substance production,wave reduction,flood control which related to the live of these people.With the enlargement of the regional beneficiaries,they focused more and more on carbon sequestration and climate regulation,which can develop their functions in larger scales.Among the beneficiaries with different social attributes,we can see beneficiaries with higher age focused more on carbon sequestration,recreation and education services;beneficiaries with higher income focused more on recreation and education,climate regulation services;beneficiaries with higher education background focused more on carbon sequestration and gas regulation;beneficiaries related to ecological work focused more on carbon sequestration,climate regulation,gas regulation services and so on.These weights analysis are applied into the evaluation on typical coastal wetland ecosystem services to improve the the accuracy of small scale within the scope of the coastal wetland ecosystem service value,and optimize the two scale transform models.(2)The research on the first optimized scale transform method(Meta analysis)demonstrated that,the total ecosystem service value was 1794.51×108 RMB in Liaoning coastal wetlands in 2013,and the unit value was 25.16×104 RMB/ha/yea.Among the six cities,Dalian(633.11×108 RMB)accounted for the largest ratio in the total value,35.28%,followed by Panjin(311.73×108 RMB),Huludao(260.63×108 RMB),Dandong(260.55×108 RMB),and Jinzhou(166.00×108 RMB)and Yingkou(162.49×108 RMB)accounted the smallest ratio in the total value,9.05%.By analyzing the spatial value distribution in seven types of coastal wetlands,Shallow marine waters(1506.86×108 RMB)accounted for the largest proportional value(83.97%),followed by Sludge sea beach(159.09×108 RMB),Estuarine water area(57.06×108 RMB),Estuarine delta(44.72×108 RMB),Salt water marsh in intertidal zone(13.35×108 RMB),Sandy stone sea beach(12.88×108 RMB)and Rock coast(0.56×108 RMB)accounted for the smallest ratio in the total value(0.03%).By integrating the geospatial and environmental characteristics,wetland size and latitude both have negative relationships with wetland unit value($/ha/per year),while GDP per capita,population density,distance from the wetland to the city center,the year of evaluation have positive relationships with wetland unit value($/ha/per year).(3)The research on the second optimized scale transform method(Wavelet transform)demonstrated that,the value of ecosystem services provided by Liaoning coastal wetlands and the total value was 2129.12×108 RMB in 2013,and the unit value was 29.55×104 RMB/ha/year.The characteristic scales were 8,17,35 and 55,which corresponded to the spatial distances of 160 km,340km,700 km and 1100 km,respectively.The result of characteristic scales indicated that when the wetland evaluation was up-scaled to these spatial ranges,its value underwent obvious changes,known as scale effects.In addition,this paper also analyzed scale effects and characteristic scales of Shallow sea water area and Sludge sea beach who occupied relatively high ratio(83.98% and 8.86%)in the total coastal wetland areas,and the characteristic scales of Shallow sea water area were 10 and 30,which corresponded to the spatial distances of 200 km and 600km;the characteristic scales of Sludge sea beach were 8,14,35 and 55,which corresponded to the spatial distances of 160 km,280km,700 km and 1100 km.The characteristic scales of these two types presented certain relevances to the total data.(4)We compared simulated values in two transform scale methods with observed values cased six typical coastal wetlands in liaoning province to receive the accuracy in both methods,the results showed that the accuracy of the wavelet transform model(R2=0.968)was higher than that of Meta analysis(R2=0.712),which reflected that the two scale transform methods can simulate 96.80% and 71.20% of the real situation.As for different ecosystem services,the optimized wavelet transform model simulation precision can achieve 93.20% at least,and simulation precision of each service was higher than the optimized meta analysis,especially three ecosystem services named Adding new lands,Wave reduction,Recreation and Education.Therefore,we can find that the optimized wavelet transform method has higher accuracy than Meta-analysis method in the field of evaluating the larger space-scale wetland ecosystem services. |
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