| “All born in soil,with soil can have grain.” The quality of cultivated land is directly related to national food security.As a typical low yield soil,the albic soil of the white pulp has the characteristics of acidic,viscosity,thickness,weight and so on,which has the barrier and the blocking effect to the growth and development of the crop root system,and which widely distributed in the northeast of China.To explore under the condition of different temperature for different kinds of biomass feed stock preparation characteristics of biochar impact,and the potential application ability of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on the albic soil in Heilongjiang province,In this paper,two methods are used in laboratory and field experiment were focus studied on different temperature conditions（300℃,400℃,500℃,600℃,700℃）of different biomass（rice,maize and soybean straw）preparation of biomass char physical traits influence and determine the best preparation biochar materials and its preparation process,as a field test of biochar application based.The field experiment were carried out in the Shuguang farm of Heilongjiang province,applied in different gradient dosage of biochar 10,20,30 t·hm-2（B1,B2,B3,respectively.）and 10,20,30 t·hm-2 biochar based soil conditioner（G1,G2,G3,respectively.）,Study on the effects of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on albic layer pore structure,water holding capacity and other physical and chemical properties properties,analysis of biochar on soil solid carbon reduction and crop yield effect of and proposed for a suitable amount of biochar of Heilongjiang Province albic soil amelioration,in order for biochar to soil improvement and to provide a theoretical reference,the main results of this research are listed as follows:1.Effects of temperature on physical and chemical properties of biochar.（1）Rice straw,corn straw and soybean straw preparation of biochar yield and average pore diameter overall showing a decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature,the effects of biochar yield under the condition of 300-400 ℃ yield changes significantly,under the same conditions,three kinds of crop biomass char yield performance for soybean straw > corn stalk >rice straw;the average pore diameter decreased respectively reached 52.7%,76.9% and 68.5%,a decline of performance for corn stalk > soybean straw > rice straw.（2）Three kinds of biomass carbon raw material specific surface area were increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature increased,300-700 ℃ range of conditions,three kinds of biomass specific surface area increase respectively 1889.6%,764.4% and 1334.4%.Three kinds of crop biomass carbon specific surface area for corn > soybean > rice and that biochar specific surface area in the same thermal cracking temperature conditions and biomass has great relevance.（3）Micro pore volume of the rice straw and corn straw biomass carbon increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature,and soybean strawbiomass carbon micro pore volume present a trend of first increased and then decreased with the pyrolysis temperature increasing.Phase comparison,rice straw biomass carbon micro pore volume minimum of corn straw,soybean straw T-plot micro pore volume at 700℃and 500℃reached the maximum respectively for 0.057cm3·g-1 and 0.088 cm3·g-1.Under the same thermal pyrolysis temperatures,micropore volume of the soybean straw maximum.（4）Three kinds of biomass raw materials of biomass carbon p H and CEC and pyrolysis temperature presents a good positive correlation,with the pyrolysis temperature increased with increasing p H value and cation exchange capacity,which pH,CEC is corn stalk the variable to maximum,respectively,reached9.2 and 23.8 cmol·kg-1 and overall performance of corn straw carbon > rice straw carbon > soybean straw carbon.2.Effects of biochar and biochar-based soil conditioner on albic soil properties（1）With the biochar and biochar based soil conditioner application can effectively reduce the albic soil volume-weight and specific gravity,and increases with the increase in the amount of fertilizer in.This study in Albic soil volume-weight reached 1.36 g·cm-3（CK）,the value higher than the optimum growth of dry farming significantly(1.1-1.3g·cm-3).Biochar and biochar based soil conditioner application can effectively reduce volume-weight and specific gravity in 2004,when the amount of biochar is 20t·hm-2 and 30t·hm-2,volume-weight of albic soil is 1.24g·cm-3and 1.21 g·cm-3,reduced 9.68% and 12.40%.With the increase of the amount of biochar,specific gravity of albic layers showed a decreasing trend,and reduction extent is 0.78%-4.02%;when biochar based soil conditioner application rate for 10,20,30t·hm-2,the volume-weight of white pulp layer reduce the 1.49%-8.80% compared with CK(1.36g·cm-3);proportion respectively reduce the 0.39%-2.37%;2015（next year）the influence of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner to volume-weight and specific gravity in Albic layer are basically the same,but decreased slightly compared to 2014.Compared with CK（1.38）,the volume-weight of the white pulp layer treated by biochar decreased by 5.34%-13.11%;The specific gravity reduce0.78%-4.03% compared with CK（2.58）.Under the condition of biochar based soil conditioner treatment,volume-weight of white pulp layer were 1.33 g·cm-3,1.28g·cm-3 and 1.24g·cm-3,respectively compared with CK（1.38）reduces the 3.76%-11.29%;The specific gravity is lower than CK（2.58）0.39%-2.38%.From the data of over two years can be seen,the action of biochar and biocharbased soil conditioner has significantly reduced the volume-weight and specific gravity of white pulp layer and has the continuity.But the decrease was less than next year compared to the year of 2014.（2）When biochar intake for 10,20 and 30 t·hm-2（B1,B2,B3）,the water-holding capacity of the Albic soil was improved by 0.41%,2.88% and 4.60% than CK（22.43%）in 2014.When the processing conditions for the G1,G2 and G3.It was increased by 7.13%,8.27% and 9.81%,as compared with CK（22.43%）.Effect of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on the water-hoding capacity of Albic soil was decreased than 2014,but the over trend was consistent with the previous years.Biochar and biochar based soil conditioner could effectively improve andadjust the soil three phases,reducing thick and heavy features,improve the water-holding and permeability of albic soil.When biochar based soil conditioner 20 t·hm-2 and 10 t·hm-2 of biochar for soil treatment were more harmonious effect for albic layer,then the soil solid: liquid: gas were50.20%:23.95%: 25.86% and 50.58%: 24.21%: 25.21%,it is closest to the optimum ratio,that can be used as soil conditioner to improve the application of the reference amount.It was significantly improve the soil p H,organic matter,CEC,inorganic nitrogen（NH4+-N and NO3--N）and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content when we added the biochar and biochar based soil conditioner into soil.（3）Compared with CK,in 0-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers of soil,the soil organic matter increased 0.31%-8.73% and 0.31%-8.07% than ck in 2014 and 2015 when we applied biochar;Applying biochar based soil conditioner promoted the soil organic matter and increased1.35%-10.77%and0.26%-4.86%,respectively;it was reached significant difference（p<0.05）when the fertilizer was applied 30t·hm-2,and no significant differences between the other treatments.Compared with control,2014 soil CEC improved 59.55%,81.12%,104.58% and20.57%,55.39%,84.32% in B2 and G3 process conditions.It was significant（p<0.05）.The second year（2015）soil CEC slightly higher than the previous year,which may be due with the depth of time,biochar certain oxygen-containing functional groups of the surface oxidized,resulting in the number of surface functional groups caused a significant increase in.（4）To a certain extent biochar and biochar based soil conditioner was applied to delay the NH4+-N to NO3--N of conversion.It was significant difference in 20-30 cm soil at each processing NH4+-N content,under biochar and biochar based soil conditioner G3 B3 treatment process conditions content.Biochar and biochar based soil conditioner nitrogen is converted to NO3--N have significant control effect,Nitrate Residues in 10-20 cm more,the overall processing performance was biochar > biochar based fertilizers process,that the microbial biomass carbon267.58-682.86mg·kg-1 in 2014,and microbial biomass carbon 270.27-628.35mg·kg-1 in2015,different treatments on soil microbial biomass carbon content varies was greatly affected.Soil microbial biomass nitrogen has large amplitude,microbial biomass nitrogen40.50-121.07mg·kg-1 of 2014.In 2015 microbial biomass nitrogen was 40.11-99.19mg·kg-1.Overall,biochar based soil conditioner treatment was higher than biochar treatment.3.Effect of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on characteristics of soil greenhouse gas emissionEffect of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on soil greenhouse gas emission,warming potential（GWP）and emissions intensity（GHGI）:（1）Compared with the CK,the biochar treatment of B1,B2,B3,the soil total emissions of N2 O respectively decreased by 9.34%,18.47%,70.66% and 24.26%,45.12%,87.04% in 2014 and 2015;the biochar based soil conditioner treatment of G1,G2,G3,emissions of N2O-Nsignificantly reduced for two consecutive years,decreased by 8.33%,67.08%,39.46% and 18.97%,33.81%,56.82%;in 2014 and 2015.（2）Under the treatment conditions B1,B2,B3,emissions of CO2-C increase in varying degrees for twoconsecutive years,respectively increased by 22.92%,41.03%,59.94% and 13.85%,34.09%,53.60% in 2014 and 2015;G1,G2,G3 conditions increased by 13.54%,25.40%,40.22% and7.53%,24.53%,25.10%;（3）Compared with the controlling treatment,GWP（100）significantly reduced for two consecutive years under the condition B1,B2,B3 which respectively decreased by19.52%,31.09%,46.53% and 8.54%,15.58%,41.42%;G1,G2,G3 treatmentssignificantly decreased by 15.94%,25.27%,36.23% and 7.68%,40.16%,28.30%;（4）Compared with the CK,GHGI of all the treatment condition has significantly reduced for two consecutive years and respectively decreased by 19.79%,32.12%,48.28% and 9.44%,17.03%,42.88%;17.88%,27.65%,38.31% and 9.04%,41.94%,30.04% in 2014 and 2015;the test results of two years show that biocha rincrease the emissions of CO2,while continuously reduce the soil emissions of N2 O,GWP,GHGI.In the mean time the continuous effect keep stable trend during these two years with the high amount of biochar content(30 t·hm-2).4.Effect of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on soil microbial quantityBiohcar and biochar based soil conditioner application significantly increased the soil microbial quantity of albic layer soil during the past 2 years.When the amount of biochar was 10,20 and 30 t·hm-2,compared with the CK(0.62×106 CFU·g-1)treatment the amout of bacterial in2014 was 1.76 、 3.84 and 5.35 times,respectively.;With the same condition of biochar based fertilizer it was 2.11,3.42 and 4.74 times that compared with the CK treatment.Compared with CK treatment under the condition of B2,B3 and G3 treatment achieve significant difference（p<0.01）.Compared with in 2014,the soil bacteria of white pulp layer decreased slightly in 2015,but generally the quantity of soil bacteria was increased by the application of biochar treatments and biochar based fertilizer;The total of Ammonifier bacteria and Actinomycetes reached the maximum value under the B3(30t·hm-2)treatment in 2014 and 2015,were 27.44 and 19.57 times higher than under the control in 2014,were 6.05 and 6.19 times higher than under the control in2015.Azotobacter’s amount under G3(30 t·hm-2)stress reached the maximum and were 8.06 times and 9.19 times higher than under the CK treatment in 2014 and 2015,respectively.the number of fungi reached the maximum value under B2(20 t·hm-2)treatment in 2014,and under B3(30 t·hm-2)in 2015.The conclusion could be get from above: the effect of high application amount better than the low application amount,in addition to Azotobacter,the effects of microbial number under biochar treatment is better than that of biochar based soil conditioner.5.Effect of biochar and biochar based soil conditioner on maize growth and maize yieldCompared with CK treatment,grain yield with B1,B2 and B3 treatment conditions in 2014 and 2015 were increased by 0.21%,1.73%,2.58% and 0.28%,1.47%,3.37%;biochar based soil conditioner G1,G2 and G3 treatment,grain yield under the condition of 2014 with CK treatment increased by 1.53%,3.08%,2.49% and 2.32%,3.26%,3.37%,respectively.,at low applied into conditions yield effect is not significant,in biochar 30 t·hm-2 and biochar based soil conditioner20t·hm-2 high dosage treatment conditions,the difference effect significant（p< 0.05）.The yield of comprehensive two years shows that application of biochar and biochar based soil conditionerhave a persistent effect on stability and increase the yield of maize.2014 biochar application processing effect of maize yield is higher than in 2015,and application of biochar based soil conditioner production for two consecutive years was significantly higher than that of control,the on crop production and improve N use efficiency is better than the effect of biochar.30t·hm-2suggested that the biomass carbon or biochar based soil conditioner 20 t·hm-2 can be used as the reference field of machinery operation application amount standard. |
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