Climatic Zoning And VarietyRegionalization Of Wine Grape In ChinaBased On DEM

With the rapid development of the grape and wine industry in China,viticulture is becoming more pluralistic,and there is an increasing demand of the breadth and precision for climatic zoning and variety regionalization of grape.The climate types of China are complex,the grape varieties for cultivation are plenty,so the zoning and regionalization work is difficult in China.Most of the previous studies mainly focused on one region or only Vitis Vinifera,on small scale;the overall grape zoning on national range with meticulous research into each production area according to multiple grape varieties is not formed yet;and because the data is difficult to be obtained and the calculation process is complex,generally,the zoning and regionalization researches have low accuracy.The purpose of this study is to select suitable zoning indexes and appropriate regionalization methods to improve the accuracy of grape climatic zoning and variety regionalization in China.This study analyzed the indexes which were adopted in grape climatic zoning researches in various areas of China and chose the frost-free period(FFP)in the grape growing season as the heat index,the dryness index(DI)in the grape growing season as the moisture index,annual extreme low temperature,average temperature in the warmest month and soil buried line(SBL)as the auxiliary index,and adopted the active accumulated temperature(AAT)as correctional heat index to revise the zoning results.The multivariate stepwise regression models of the AAT and FFP were established according to mixed interpolation method which combined multivariate stepwise regression method and residual interpolation method together.On the basic of the meteorological data of 2294 stations in 30 years(from 1982 to 2011)and the digital elevation model(DEM)data with the resolution of 90 meter(3 ")in China,the resolution of geographical factors such as mountains,valleys,plateaus,basins and the elevations were improved remarkably,meanwhile,the simulation accuracy of terrain factors such as slope degree,slope direction and cover degree were greatly improved.The error values caused by different interpolation methods were contrasted by cross validation method,and then the interpolation method with least error value was chosen for corresponding index.The ordinary kriging method and inverse distance weighting method were adopted to make interpolation of the spatial regression residual error of AAT and FFP,the ordinary kriging method was chosen for the spatial interpolation of DI,and then the raster layers of AAT,FFPand DI were generated.Supported by ArcGIS,the climatic zoning map of grape in China,with high accuracy,was produced on the basis of superposing the 3 raster layers.Be different from the most researches which only focused on Vitis Vinifera,in this study,the suitable cultivation area for grape in China also contained Vitis amurensis suitable cultivation area,Vitis vinifera suitable cultivation area,Franco-American vine suitable cultivation area and Shelter cultivation area,and the SBLs were drawn according to the different cold-resistance abilities of each grape species.Subsequently,the meticulous climatic zoning and variety regionalization researches of wine grape were conducted.The main results are as follows:(1)In the past 30 years in China,the distribution of AAT in the growing season showed an overall decreasing pattern from the south to north,and east to west.Areas with AAT<2500?: Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,Western Sichuan Plateau,Northeast of China,the middle and northeast of Inner Mongolia,they were not suitable for viticulture with cold and cool weather all the year round;areas with 2500 ? ? AAT ? 2700 ? were smaller,mainly distributed in the Northeast of China and Inner Mongolia;areas with 2700?<AAT?3200?mainly distributed in Northeast of China,Inner Mongolia,Northern Shaanxi,Gansu Province,some small areas also distributed in Ningxia and Xinjiang;areas with 3200<AAT?3500?mainly distributed in Liaoning,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Ningxia,and Xinjiang;the South China,Middle-lower reaches of Changjiang River,North China and Southwest of China had very abundant heat quantity,AAT>3500?.(2)In the past 30 years in China,the distribution of FFP in the growing season showed an overall decreasing pattern from the south to north,and east to west.Areas with FFP<160d:Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,Western Sichuan Plateau,Northeast of China,the middle and northeast of Inner Mongolia,owning poor thermal condition;areas with 160?FFP?180:some areas in east of the northwest China and Northeast of China,the heat condition basically met the grape's normal growth requirement;areas with 180<FFP?200: mainly distributed in Xinjiang,Liaoning and west of the northwest China,the heat condition was very suitable for the growth of grape;the desert area was vast in the central part of Xinjiang,which caused most of Xinjiang belonged to FFP > 200d;the South China,Middle-lower reaches of Changjiang River,North China and Southwest of China had very abundant heat quantity,FFP>220d.(3)Selecting DI of growing season as moisture index,China could be divided into 8regions: DI<0.6;0.6?DI<1.0;1.0?DI?1.6;1.6<DI?3.5;3.5<DI?10;10<DI?20;20<DI?60;DI>60.The average DI of past 30 years in China reflected the climate characteristics such as the South was wet while the North was dry,the East was wet while the West was dry,the coast was wet while the inland was dry.The increase of drought degreeshowed obvious levels and regularity from the South to North,and East to West.(4)In the climatic zoning of grape in China,adopting FFP as the heat index,DI as the moisture index,extreme low temperature of-35? as the auxiliary index,and adopted the AAT as correctional heat index to revise the zoning results.The high-accuracy zoning map was generated by ArcGIS software after superposing the 3 raster layers of AAT,FFP and DI.The suitable cultivation area for grape contained Vitis amurensis suitable cultivation area,Vitis vinifera suitable cultivation area,Franco-American vine suitable cultivation area and Shelter cultivation area.(5)In the climatic zoning of wine grape in China,adopting FFP as the heat index,DI as the moisture index,extreme low temperature of-35? as the auxiliary index,and adopted the AAT as correctional heat index to revise the zoning results.The zoning map of wine grape in China was generated by ArcGIS software after superposing the 3 raster layers of AAT,FFP and DI.The suitable cultivation area for wine grape in China was divided into 4 regions and12 sub-regions,which greatly improved the zoning accuracy of special terrains and climates such as the Southwest and Northeast of China.(6)Based on the climatic zoning of wine grape in China,the wine grape variety regionalization focused on the 12 sub-regions in suitable cultivation areas with different climatic types.Adopting AAT as the index according to the heat demand of different grape varieties in different mature periods,the 12 maps of each sub-region were generated and the12 sub-regions were further subdivided into 36 small areas with different climate types.Adopting the average temperature in the warmest month as the auxiliary index,suitable varieties were recommended and some attentions of variety introduction and cultivation were also provided according to each sub-region.The results showed that the cultivation area types of wine grape in China were various and could be subdivided into as many as 36 types without considering other factors such as soil.Compared with previous studies,the precision,accuracy,and mapping resolution of this research were all improved greatly.The suitable cultivation area was classified meticulously and the suggestions for cultivation and variety introduction were much more targeted so that most regions could adopt this result directly when introducing grape varieties.This study provided certain reference value to the development of grape cultivation and wine industry in China.