| ObjectMouth-bitterness is a symptom which has greater theoretical and clinical significance in the theoretical system of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).This research is based on the epidemiological survey of mouth-bitterness,combined with human trial and literature research,in order to study the questions below.1,To survey the incidence,distribution of disease and department,and associated factors of mouth-bitterness in the impatient whose over age of 14 years old from four major grade 3A hospitals in Beijing,in order to determine the disease factors and other factors,which closely related to the symptom of mouth-bitterness.2,To survey the incidence and the risk factors of mouth-bitterness in healthy population all over the country above 14 years old,in order to determine the incident rate of mouth-bitterness in the healthy population,and the related behavior factor and constitution factor.3,By having research on the individual difference for subjective feeling of bitter among the healthy adults by human trail,and the influences of gender and smoking to the bitter gustation.4,Through literature research and comparative study between the theoretical system of TCM and western medicine,sort out the pathology and treatment of "mouth-bitterness" from generations of medical scientists systematically,study the differences of body view between TCM and western medicine.Furthermore,in case of mouth-bitterness,discuss the difference between the thought of diagnosis and treatment in TCM and western medicine.Method1,An epidemiological questionnaire-survey was conducted on patients who met the inclusion criteria that chosen from four 3As Beijing hospitals.Survey content included personal basic information such as gender,age,height,weight,ethnicity;occurrence of mouth-bitterness symptom which includes frequency,severity,timing and accompaniment with other abnormal taste;lifestyle habits including smoking,drinking,sleeping dietary preference and dietary structure;symptomology including upper abdominal pain,acid reflux,oral ulcer,bad breath and emotion-related symptoms;medical history including dental treatment,abdominal or middle-ear surgery,hyperlipidemia,cholecystis,otitis media,chronic pharyngitis and as well as relevant hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal tests.2,The " Wen Juan Xing " online platform was utilized to distribute epidemiological questionnaire,having survey on nationwide healthy population above the age of 14 years old to investigate condition of mouth-bitterness symptom and its influencing factors.The investigation mainly includes basic information,condition of mouth-bitterness symptoms,lifestyle habits,also a Chinese Medicine constitution scale was introduced to assess damp-heat or qi-stagnation constitution in respondents.Data was entered using Epidata 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 20.0.3,Using broadleaf holly leaf as bitter reagent,employ random,single blind and control in clinical trial methods,volunteers were assigned to three groups.Each group was given a different concentration of broadleaf holly leaf extract,VAS method used for reference,volunteers mark out the level of bitterness from the test on "bitterness scale line".The data was analyzed using t-test or non-parametric test according to gender and smoking habits.4,To study individual variation in bitterness perception,nine healthy volunteers were subjected to the Latin square experimental design and each given three different concentrations of broadleaf holly leaf extract,volunteers mark out the level of bitterness from the test on "bitterness scale line".5,A comparative study on Chinese and Western medicine theory system was done through a thorough review of past literature,encompassing the sociocultural setting during the formative stage and later,more recent developments.Approaching from angle of body view,and using mouth-bitterness symptom as an example,ideological difference between Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis will be explored.Result1,In this epidemiological investigation,782 sampling population from four major 3As hospitals in Beijing and 766 effective questionnaires were collected,the overall prevalence rate of mouth-bitterness was 53.79%.The incidence of mouth-bitterness symptoms were positively correlated with age.The highest incidence of mouth-bitterness in the inpatients by descending order was hepatology department(66.67%),gastroenterology department(61.80%)and neurology department(60.66%).In terms of specific diseases,fatty liver,cholecystitis,gastro-esophageal disease,chronic pharyngitis and dental treatment were the risk factors of bitter taste(OR and the corresponding 95%CI was more than 1).The H.pylori infection was an important risk factor for mouth-bitterness,OR=2.463,In the aspect of symptom,epigastric pain,belching,acid reflux,hypochondriac pain,oral ulcer,halitosis,scrotum wet/leukorrhagia,headache and dizzy were the risk factors of bitter taste(OR and the corresponding 95%CI was more than 1).In the aspect of behavior factors,smoking was the risk factor,and with the increase of the number of daily smoking,the incidence of mouth-bitterness also increased.It was indicated that ingestion of large amount of meat was a risk factor for the occurrence of mouth-bitterness,while eating fresh vegetables and fruits was the protective factor.In the aspect of emotional factors,anxiety,irritation,sorrow and perceived stress were the risk factors of mouth-bitterness,and the occurrence of mouth-bitterness was positively related to the level of these bad moods.2,715 valid questionnaires were collected from the online survey about healthy individuals all over the country,the incidence of mouth-bitterness symptom is 43.92%.The incidence of mouth-bitterness symptom is proportional to the age.In behavioral factors,mouth-bitterness symptom is closely related to smoking,The hazards of eating too much meat cause mouth-bitterness symptom to happen,and also the incidence of mouth-bitterness symptom is proportional to daily meat intake,while taking fresh fruits and vegetables are protective factors for mouth-bitterness symptoms.From the aspect of body constitution,damp heat constitution and constitution of Qi stagnation are hazards of mouth-bitterness symptom to happen.The incidence of mouth-bitterness symptom in damp heat constitution is higher than constitution of Qi stagnation.The incidence of mouth-bitterness symptom in concurrent constitution of damp heat and Qi stagnation is higher than non-simultaneous constitution.3,Regarding bitter taste sensitivity in healthy individuals,the study found that women feelings towards different concentration degree of bitterness were higher than that of men,shows that women are more sensitive to bitter taste than men.The experience of nonsmokers towards different concentration degree of bitterness was higher than smokers,shows that nonsmokers are more sensitive to bitter taste than smokers.A Latin square study on the individual's ability to taste bitterness shows that there are individual differences in the ability of individuals to taste bitterness.4,During the formation and development of the theory of TCM and Western Medicine,it is believed that the theoretical system of TCM in the early stage of formation was based on the Shu Shu theory,under the natural philosophy of generative theory,with the help of Yin Yang and five elements as reasoning tools,it conducts the theoretical construction of phenomenon of human life and disease.While modern Western Medicine,in the context of the Renaissance,under the philosophical thought of machinery,on the basis of modern physical and chemical breakthrough and new cognitive tools,a new theoretical system of Medicine was formed.Conclusion1,The average incidence of mouth-bitterness symptoms in inpatients above 14 years old in Beijing is 53.79%.The average incidence of mouth-bitterness symptoms within healthy population above 14 years old in China is 43.92%.2,There are many factors that affect the symptoms of mouth-bitterness.In terms of disease,mouth-bitterness symptoms is most closely related with the digestive system diseases,such as liver disease,stomach-esophageal disease and nervous system diseases;in terms of behavioral aspects,smoking and eating a lot of meat and pickled foods are the risk factors of mouth-bitterness symptoms,eating fresh fruit and vegetables is the protective factor of mouth-bitterness symptoms;in terms of emotional,anxiety,irritability,depression and other negative emotions and excessive pressure is the risk factors of mouth-bitterness symptoms;in terms of physical,damp heat constitution and Qi stagnation constitution are the physical condition which have high incidence of mouth-bitterness symptoms.3,Different individuals have greater differences in bitter taste perception.Female and non-smokers are more sensitive to bitterness than male and smokers.4,TCM and Western medicine have different understanding on the value of clinical significance in mouth-bitterness symptoms,caused by the different views of body and disease,also that the basic reason why TCM and Western medicine theory are difficult to commensurate. |
PDF Full Text Request