The Evolutionary Logic Of Russian Spiritual Philosophy And Reconstruction Of Metaphysics

Since ancient times,“spirit” and the spirit and moral categories have been the main concepts in Russian philosophy.It is clearly defined in the Encyclopedia of Russian Civilization compiled under the organization of Platonov that “Russian philosophy is a spiritual philosophy first of all,a subject about spirit and its development and associated with god”.Etymologically,the “spirit” referred to in Russian philosophy is different from the concept of “spirit” in the history of western philosophy.It is neither originated from the understanding of “nous” in ancient Greek philosophy,nor interpreted as “noema,reason,rational soul,rational thinking and such”.Instead,it is originated from the understanding of “pneuma” in Hebrew culture,and “is interpreted as the spirituality of the nature of supernatural life obtained from God”.However,Russian philosophers never defended or explained “spirit” from the perspective of religious doctrine or theology.Instead,under the background of Orthodox,through philosophical thinking of human being’s realistic life,they have demonstrated the substantiality of the spirit in another sense which is different with the substantiality of the “objectivity” produced by “objective” nature or rationality due to the existence of the subject of meaning,values and concepts as a spirit,and its realistic destiny.This type of philosophy originating from the attention to the issue of human existence,devoted to the development of human spirit history,undertakes the mission of creating a philosophy for its own nation.It has intensively embodied Russian spirit culture,with strong and bright national characteristics and philosophical features,and also imposed far-ranging influence on the development of world modern philosophy.From the perspective of the development of Russian spiritual philosophy,the spirit background with religious world view as the theory has integrated the spiritual regulations in its cognition into the theme of the times which regards "spirit" as philosophy to carry out in-depth discussion,to interpret and stipulate the "spirit" hidden in the inherent logic infinitely deep in human nature.The Eastern Orthodoxy that had not experienced renaissance,religious reform and enlightenment advocates the cultivation of spirituality,objects to the “Summa Theologiae” of the west,and does neither regard rational thought as important,nor long for realizing abstraction of pure concept and systematization of theory.Thus,the Russian spiritual philosophy bred thereby tends to reject intellectual thought,solve the death trap of the epistemology in western philosophy by rooting the thinking subject in existence according to the way of thinking of ontology,and work out a path of laying emphasis on life experience and intuition with oriental characteristics.In this process,Russian spiritual philosophy does not only expose the realistic change of philosophy in interpreting the nature of human beings in modern times,but also manifest the transition of thinking of modernity criticism of spiritual reality foundation.The thinking direction of this kind of spiritual philosophy is to,in reliance upon the metaphysics of “spirit”,ceaselessly explore a series of problems,such as the nature of god and human essence,the value and meaning of life,human’s destiny in modern society,the position of Russia in the whole world,and its prospect.From this aspect,Russian philosophers have reviewed the correlation between the world and human,take the world as a part of human,and consider that human,besides themselves and their external performance,also contain another kind of limitless thing,namely “human’s spiritual world”.They,after the traditional metaphysics was subverted,turned from strong infatuation of “spirit” and persistent interrogation of “soul” to value pursuit of human life meaning,started a hard course of reconstructing metaphysics of modern significance,took belief as the force of human’s internal spiritual world,tried to gain spiritual fulfillment in the principle of “belief first”,and helped human’s “spiritual world” to regain unlimitedness,truthfulness and freedom in the age ruled by the materialism,so as to re-establish the foundation of spiritual value for human.In this sense,Russian spiritual philosophy has become an important link of transition from modern rationalism to contemporary ontological thinking,and a strong support for the spiritual construction of the Russian nation in the period of modernization transformation.In this paper,according to the evolutionary logic of Russian spiritual philosophy,the theory of Russian spiritual philosophy is classified into three types and stages,i.e.Slavophilism spiritual philosophy,“absolute unity” spiritual philosophy,and pluralism new spiritual philosophy.Besides,this paper,with the definition of “spirit” as the clue,is intended to deeply grasp the inner relations between spirit and human nature,between spirit and reality,and between spirit and freedom,and explore how Russian spiritual philosophy breaks the situation that rationality worship laniates the human of completeness according to the principle of integrity and idealism of inherent spirit,and how to save individual life via “true” religion to help human to recover the “deity” lost in the process of secularization,so as to establish an existing way where human are highly free—god-man to help human to obtain spiritual freedom,and self-improvement and self-salvation of soul in the heaven of this world;to interpret that Russian spiritual philosophy maintains integrity and sublime by reconstructing the “spiritual world” via the critical function of philosophy manifested by the special connotation of the Eastern Orthodoxy,and make logical explanation and argumentation of reconstruction of metaphysics from the perspective of “spirit”,“truth” and “deity”.Through general grasp and understanding of the thought of Russian spiritual philosophy,it can be found that Russian philosophers,in the process of reconstructing the “spiritual world”,always take an attitude of critical reconstruction towards traditional metaphysics of the west,and point out that the metaphysics in the form of theory of knowledge in modern times based on the “unlimitedness” of subject rationality has lost the internal spirit reality that is of great importance to human,which is finally bound to turn human into the monotonous real existence without personality,and the human who have lost the richness and comprehensiveness can do nothing but feel lost facing metaphysics.The non-rational religious complex of Russian spiritual philosophy itself rejects inevitability and identity,and the heterogeneity elements it contains even make its own metaphysical freedom be truly shown and open the space of possibility.The constant increase of heterogeneity elements makes that it is proposed to review and position the “ego” of “substantiation” of metaphysics in Russian spiritual philosophy,and attracts more attention to the issues of breaking the separation of subject from object,and of subject from subject,and realizing communication between subject and the world.Russian philosophers have criticized traditional metaphysics from three aspects,the mode of thinking,the area of thinking and approaches of contemplation,and then made further discussion on modern turning of reconstructing metaphysics,so as to provide a precise mastery for the reconstruction of meaning world and value ideals,and offer a path of the possibility of questioning humanistic spirit,looking for the homeland of spirit and setting up the significance of life existence.