A Comparative Study Of Korean And Chinese Concessive Forms

As a typical agglutinative language and a typical isolated language,the Korean and Chinese language are completely different from each other the way in which they are expressed in the concessive complex sentence.At the same time,due to the concessive complex sentence has always been in an embarrassing situation,regardless of academic circles in Korea or in China,the discussion of concessive complex sentence has never ceased.Among these issues,the main issues focus on the definition and the category of concessive complex sentence.Meanwhile,the concessive complex sentence is particularly one of strong subjectivity expression forms,it is frequently used in our daily life or in literary works,so how to explicitly give definition and category on concessive complex sentence becomes a problem that desperately needs to be solved.By observing the related research results ofChinese and Korean scholars,from an ontology and comparisonstudy we found the following problems:in their respective ontology research,definition of concessive complex sentence is vague,which could not differentiate from other complex sentences;In comparison research,comparison standard is not unified and the study tend to focus on a few Korean concessive connection endings and Chinese concessive conjunctions,whichleads to certain limitation.Based on this,this paper is mainly divided into four parts:chapter 2 focuses on the semantic characteristics of concessive complex sentences and makesa cleardefinition of it,and also categorize the Korean and Chinese concessive complex sentences in a unified standard;Chapter 3 summarizes the syntactic characteristics of the concatenation of the conjunctions and the conjunctions in the scope of research.In the fourth chapter,we will find out the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of various concessive complex sentencesaccording to the categorymentioned above.Chapter five tries to find the corresponding forms of various concessive complex sentences in Chinese.The definition of a concessive complex sentence depends largely on the perception of its upper level,and it will affect its internal category.In this paper,the author regarded concessive complex sentence as the lower level of the transitional complex sentence and made a clear definition of it:The concessive complex sentence is a kind of complex sentence which occurs when the normal sentence is closely related with the partial sentence,but the normal sentence expresses a transitional meaning compared to the partial sentence under the circumstance of admitting what the partial sentences say.In other words,according to the logical relationship of the concessive complex sentence,it can be defined as a kind of complex sentence in which the normal part expresses unexpected results from the partial part while the partial sentence admits the proposed situation.After various attempts on categorizing the concessive complex sentence,the author made the category into two kinds of restrictive and unrestrictive concessive complex sentence according to the different situations the partial part put forwards.Besides,the restrictive concessive complex sentence could be further divided into three categories of single conditional,whether or not conditional and selective conditional complex sentences.After ascertaining the standard of categorizing,the author made specific categories in the paper:In Korean language,single conditional concessive connection endings include:"(?),(?),(?),(?),(?),(?)" whether or not conditional concessive connection endings include:"(?),(?),(?),(?),(?),(?),(?)";selective conditional concessive connection endings include:"(?)";unrestrictive concessive connection endings include:"-(?),(?).In Chinese language,single conditional concessive connection endings include:"虽然/虽/虽说,尽管,固然";whether or not conditional concessive connection endings include:"纵然/纵使,哪怕,即使/即便,就是/就算:;selective conditional concessive connection endings include:"宁可/宁愿/宁肯";unrestrictive concessive connection endings include:"不管,不论/无论,任凭".Next,the study discusses the similarities and differences between the Korean and Chinese concessive complex sentence in three aspects:syntax,semantics and pragmatics.1)In syntax,the Korean language is the "SOV" structure,while the Chinese is the "SVO" structure,so there is a difference in the structure and sequence of the complex sentences between the two.Because of the different language types,different restrictions will be imposed on the subjects,predicates,tenses,echoing adverbs,sentence patterns and negatives.2)In semantics,the paper describes their semantic characteristics of four kinds of categories from the concessive complex sentences,by analyzing the factuality and presumption,finally showed the concessive degree from weak to strong:unrestrictive concessive complex sentence>selective concessive complex sentence>whether or not concessive complex sentence>single concessive complex sentence.During the process of contrasting sentence semantics of four categories of concessive complex sentences between the two languages,the author found that Korean concessive endings can be used across categories while Chinese concessive conjunctions can only be used for this category.3)In pragmatics,based on how much the partial sentence expresses and the degree of cognitive efforts of the listener,the author showed the way to estimate complexity degree of four categories of concessive complex sentences and finally concluded that selective concessive complex sentence>whether or not concessive complex sentence>single concessive complex sentence>unrestrictive concessive complex sentence.Besides,the emergence of the concessive sign also affect the understanding of listeners.Therefore,the study concluded that all of these rules results in the difference between the categories of the two languages.What’ s more,the concessive endings in Korean belongs to the connective endings which appear in the middle of a sentence while the sign words are located in the begging of one sentence in Chinese.Due to the sooner the listener gets in touch with the sign words,the sooner they will be prepared for the unexpected situation that comes later,the Chinese concessive complex sentences are always more efficient in meaning expression than the Korean concessive complex sentences.Relying on the translation examples between the Korean and Chinese languages,this paper summarized corresponding concessive endings’ form in Chinese language contrast with Korean language.The four categories of the two basically correspond to each other,although in some circumstances,there is a special case,however,by analyzing the logical relationship and semantic of the normal part and the partial part of the sentence,it could be understood of the meaning of the original Korean.In the end,this paper summarizes the conclusions of the study:1)Sort out and analyze the definition and the categories of concessive complex sentences,although it is inevitable that there is a semantic overlap between the concessive complex sentences and other complex sentences;2)Extend the study in researcing the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese language in terms of "syntax,semantics and pragmatics";3)Present the express form of corresponding Korean concessive forms in Chinese language by the study method of induction and contrast.In the following research,the author will complement the corresponding study that has not been involved in this paper to enable the further study,providing convenience to the scholars in this realm,and offering advantageous conditions for the digital work of translation between the two languages.