Research On The Expectation-deviating Expressions In Modern Chinese

"Expectation" and "Expectation deviation" are a group of discourse-pragmatic interface,which reflects the interpersonal relationship in speech acts,and is closely related to the subjectivity of language.Relative to the expected information and neutral information,the expectation-deviating information is more important,more informative and more difficult to predict.At present,some research has been done on the related issues and the great progress has been made,but it is mainly on the counter-expectation markers or the sentence patterns with the function of counter-expectation.The results are scattered,and it is still in need of systematic investigation of the expectation deviation.This paper,based on the physical carrier of the expectation-deviating expressions,to studies related issues,by using information theory,cognitive theory,theory of subjectivity and functional grammar and other related theories and research methods.This paper systematically analyses the types,characteristics,marking meansand the degree of expectation deviation of the expectation-deviating information.It focuses on the multi-angle and multi-layered investigation of the implementation and expressions of the counter-expectation,and makes a positive exploration for the study of the expectation-deviating expression in modern Chinese.The full text is divided into eight chapters.The first chapter is the introduction.It is mainly on combing the domestic and foreign research situation and defining the research content,ideas,significance and methods.The second chapter analyzes the types and characteristics of the expectation-deviating information.The expectation-deviating information refers to the discourse information which deviates from or disaccords with the subjective expectation.According to the object that the expectation deviation points to,the expectation-deviating informationis divided into two types:the individual expectation deviation and the social expectation deviation.According to the nature of the expectation deviation,the expectation-deviating information includes two aspects:the directional deviation and the quantitative deviation of the expectation.The former mainly refers to the counter-expectation information,including complete paradox and partial paradox.While the latter mainly refers to the subjective quantitativeexpectation-deviating information,including the above-expected information and the under-expected information,the counter-expectation information is the most typical and the most important expectation-deviating information.The expectation deviation is essentially a "negation" that involves a process of comparison with a certain expected cognition.The expectation-deviating information is a kind of information with a large amount of abnormal state information,which has many already characteristics and a certain interactive communicative function.The third chapter analyzes linguistic devices for marking the expectation-deviating information.In modern Chinese,the expectation-deviating information can be marked by the prosody,the expectation-deviating markers,sentence patterns or other linguistic devices.This chapter focuses on the analysis of the members,nature and characteristics of the expectation-deviating markers.The expectation-deviating markers are mainly acted by discourse markers and function words such as adverbs,conjunctions and modal words.Among them,adverbs and conjunctions are the main ones,while the main adverbs are expositive adverbs.The statement where the expectation-deviating markers are located conveys a contrast between the objective reality and the certain expected or normal situation.The function of the expectation-deviating markers is to highlight the deviation or inconsistency arising from the contrast,and to indicate the expectation-deviating information.They have the nature of meta-discourse.The expectation-deviating markers in the phonology,syntax,semantics and pragmatics have their own unique characteristics.From the fourth chapter to the sixth chapter,there is a multi-perspective study of the counter-expectation information and expressions.The fourth chapter analyzes the implementation of the counter-expectation.There are several ways to implement the counter-expectation,such as direct negative expectation,indirect negative expectation,or the combination of direct negative expectation and indirect negative expectation.The counter-expectation can be expressed by a direct negation of expectation.It can also be used to indirectly negate the expectation by affirming the new information which has the opposite relation with the expectation in the counter-expectation context,indicating the reasons for the situation of the counter-expectation,and evaluating the expectation.In the fifth chapter,an investigation on the "Intentional and Unintentional"perspective is made."Intentionally" and "Unintentionally" is a pair of subjective manifestations.When the counter-expectation information is related to the event or action,the corresponding statement contains a verb structure,and there is an action subject,the counter-expectation can be investigated from the "Intentional and unintentional" perspective.Two aspects related to the dichotomy of intentional and unintentional "mainly include:1)the intentionality or un-intentionality of the execution of actions relevant to counter-expectation or the realization of counter-expectation consequences;2)the willingness or unwillingness to purposefully violate subjective expectation.Then,the paper makes an analysis accordingly citing the subjective counter-expectation expressions as well as the action-resultative counter-expectation expressions as examples.The subjective counter-expectation refers to the one that a speaker or the acting subject intends to implement through a particular act or state,resulting in violation of certain expectations.This kind of counter-expectation mainly includes the subjective violation and the subjective tolerance.It has the characteristics of intention,controllability and much of imperfection etc.The subjective expositive adverbs "Pian/Pianpian/Jiu/Fei" and the construction "Hai jiu/bu VP le" can express counter-expectation characterized by the subjective violation of counter-expectation.The tolerant concession clause marked by "Ningke/Ningken/Ningyuan/Ning" can express the subjective tolerance counter-expectation.The action-resultative counter-expectation expressions refer to an unconventional collocation of the verb and the component of result,which show that the result of an action non-volitionally deviates from some conventional expectation of the context,such as "ChiShou le,Da wenzi dazhong le gebo,(Zenme)Xi ye xi bu ganjing" The result here is that the subject is uncontrollable and it has no intention.We can use the "non-controllable gains and losses" to generalize the semantic features of the expression.But the result of the action is mainly "Loss",it’s not only one of the counter-expectation results,but also one of the counter-anticipation results.The sixth chapter analyzes the issues related to the counter-expectation and mirativity.Mirativity refers to the unexpected information of the language and the tone system that expresses the speaker’s surprise about the information.The unexpected information is the expectation-deviating information,especially the counter-expectation.The mirativity markers are also the expectation-deviating markers.The differences between the counter-expectation category and the mirativity can be described as following:the mirativity is generally considered as a grammatical category,which is mainly from the speaker’s point of view.While the counter-expectation category is mainly a pragmatic category,including a variety of circumstances such as deviating from the speaker,the listener,the personal expectations of third parties,as well as the social expectations.This chapter analyzes how to use the mirativity markers to express the pragmatic functions and characteristics of the counter-expectation by taking the unexpected expositive adverbs"Jingran" and the unexpected discourse markers "Zenme" such words as the examples.The mirativity markers are mainly expressed by the speaker’s counter-expectation psychology.They indicate the counter-expectation information that is contrary to the speaker’s expectation or the listener’s expectation of the speaker’s inference,or the shared expectations of social groups including the speaker.They have extremely high express degree to the counter-expectation.The degree of unexpectation is positively correlated with the degree of expectation deviation of our following analysis.The seventh chapter analyzes the direction,degree and influencing factors of the expectation deviation based on the previous chapters."The direction" of the expectation deviation mainly involves two aspects:one is the directional deviation of expectation;the other is the directional deviation of benchmark expected quantity.The counter-expectation information is contrary to the expected information on the direction.The direction of deviation on the benchmark expected quantity between the above-expected information and the under-expected information is also opposite.The degree of expectation deviation mainly refers to the power degree that the objective fact or result deviates from the subjective expectation.The greater the difference between the objective fact or result and the subjective expectation is,the stronger the degree of expectation deviation is,and vice versa.Through the investigation,we found that some factors have an impact on the degree of expectation deviation,such as the nature of the expectation-deviating information,the level of the degree of subjective expectation,the use of the expectation-deviating markers,the use of the sentence types and sentence patterns and whether there is a suggestive component before the expectation-deviating information.They can also be used as the important factors to measure the degree of expectation deviation.The eighth chapter is the conclusion.And it is a summary of the research contents of the full text,and points out the contribution,imperfection and the implication for further study.In a word,this paper features both a systematic macro investigation and a specific micro analysis.This study not only makes a positive exploration for the construction of the analytical framework of the expression system of expectation deviation in modern Chinese,but also provides important references for the mother tongue teaching,teaching Chinese as a foreign language,Chinese-foreign contrast,translation and Chinese information processing.It has certain theoretical significance and application value.