Research On The Marx's Outlook Of Religion

Religion has a long history. Thinkers of all ages have many incisive ideas and wonderful discuss on religion, anyhow one-sided yet. They always take a part for the whole. The reason of that is they study religion not on the perspective of ontology or not on the perspective of correct ontology. The ontology in philosophy of Marx is practice ontology, so philosophy of Marx realized the reform of philosophy, and then the study of philosophy of Marx on religion is very thorough. Exploring Marx's idea on religion is very important to study religion and deal with religion affairs.The formation of Marx's idea of religion is benefit of the realistic conditions and rich thought resource and rich religious culture background. The germ and establishment of capitalism is the rich soil of Marx's idea on religion. Social reform always affects the conflict of the interest groups, every hierarchy makes a sound of their own. In the field of religion, religion changed itself to adapt to the new condition and the people comment it. Protestant reformation Luther opening sweep the obstacles of transformation of Christian. Calvin expanded the actual influence of protestant. Protestant is faith of capitalism age. Capitalist system based on philosophy sense faced a question:the relationship of religion and philosophy. Some ideological trend reconcile religion and philosophy and the other make them opposing. Deism and Pantheism indicated that philosophy sense cannot dispense the religion. Kant thinks sense cannot acquaint religion, anyhow religion is the outcome of sense. That means religion has rational content but not suit in the form of sense. Because absolute spirit is the speculative expression of the vivid human society and Hegel regarded religion as the performance of absolute spirit, that means religion has deep social root and is reasonable and inevitable. The religion thought of Kant and Hegel is the summit in the old age. Encyclopedia thinkers eliminated the natural embodiment of religion and ignorance the social root of religion. School of young Hegel found religion has history and was caught in illusion of self-awareness. The class standpoint and theory tool of such religion thoughts is destined that they cannot perspective religion and reveal the real relationship of religion and philosophy. But they all included the grain of truth about religion. All the religion thoughts make up the resource of Marx's idea of religion.The formation of Marx's idea of religion has a process. Marx was born in a family with thick religion air and His education in middle school with religion content. At that time, Marx is a protestant. In the university, Marx accepts Hegel's rationalism philosophy with the help of the self-awareness philosophy of the school of young Hegel and Marx's religion idea is rationalism. Because of the inner contradiction of Hegel's philosophy and the setback in the Rhine newspaper, Marx accepts Feuerbach's philosophy to leave rationalism philosophy. At that time, Marx's philosophy is humanism and his religion idea is humanism religion idea. Anyhow, Marx is not satisfaction with Feuerbach's philosophy because it is simple and lack of history. As the deep study with plutonomy and the rediscovery of Hegel's philosophy, with the help of Feuerbach's materialism philosophy, Marx founded the practice ontology philosophy and made a philosophy revolution. In the vision of practice materialism philosophy, Marx's religion idea is practice materialism religion idea. And then we know, though Marx answered the question that what is religion in the vision of rationalism philosophy and humanism philosophy, because the ontology is idealism, his answer is not thorough. This proved the idea that religion is non-rational and religion is alien illusion is not right. The idea that religion is spirit opium which birthed in the humanism philosophy stage of Marx is not correct too. In the practice materialism philosophy stage, Marx changed ontology which provided chance to study religion. So, to study Marx's religion idea, we must come to the practice materialism philosophy.In the vision of practice materialism philosophy, this doctoral thesis totally studied the religion idea of Marx. Through reread the proposition that religion is alien of human, we know the fundamental properties of religion and come to the conclusion that religion is a very important form of human culture. Through reread the proposition that religion is irrational, we know the essence properties of religion and highlight the feature of religion to distinguish it from the other human culture form. Through reread the proposition that religion is transcendental form of human power, we answer the question what is religion on the ontology level and reveal the personality of religion culture and the generality of religion culture and the other culture form. In the context of practice philosophy, religion study totally get rid of arbitrary and come to the precise like natural science. As a culture form, religion itself is culture. Religion plays the role of culture and theory. When politic intervenes, religion plays the role of political. What things perform itself, things is what. The function of religion always constitutes the special essence of religion. This is why such viewpoints were took as the essence of religion like religion is opium and religion is ideology and religion is culture and religion is the way to comprehend the world and so on. But all of these judgments cannot replace the viewpoint that religion is transcendental form of human power. Because only this viewpoint reveal religion is unification of personality and generality and unification of content and form. In the vision of practice materialism philosophy, the world is a process. As a culture form of the world, religion has history. But its history is connected with the world closely. All above is Marx's idea of religion.The formation of Marx's philosophy is not accomplished in an action. It is the result that Marx absorbed all kinds of knowledge and made them shock with reality life. The function that every ideological trend made in the formation of Marx's philosophy is needed to identify. It is very important to study Marx's intellectual history and prevent misread Marx's idea. So, differentiation the function of religion idea in the formation of Marx's philosophy and the status in Marx's philosophy is an integral in the thesis to study Marx's religion idea. For political criticism, Marx made religion criticism. For religion and all the speculative philosophy criticism, Marx accepts Feuerbach's philosophy. And then, Marx studied the civil society and found the core of Hegel's philosophy such as labor of man and dialectics. Then, a great philosophy comprehensive comes true: standing on the basis of perceptual philosophy of Feuerbach, using the core labor man in Hegel philosophy filling the man in Feuerbach philosophy, and forming a philosophy system. In a word, Feuerbach found perceptual man and Hegel found labor man and Marx found perceptual labor man. And then, Marx changed philosophy. When Marx's philosophy formed, religion must be studied in the new philosophy vision. Now, we know the function of religion idea in the formation of Marx's philosophy and the status in Marx's philosophy. In addition, Marx's philosophy attracted much attention because it shocked the pattern of theory and politic. Every force with different purpose and way try to confuse the difference between religion and philosophy. Though Marx's philosophy and religion are all the result of human culture and have something in common, they are very different. Confusion the difference between them lead to be little the scientific and revolutionary of Marx's philosophy. So, studying Marx's idea of religion must study the relationship of Marx's philosophy and religion. Aimed at all the methods of confusing Marx's philosophy and religion, this thesis rectified them in the vision of ontology. Roughly to say, philosophy is ontology. All the old philosophy can't cast off idealism and metaphysics. As introduction says, ontology about religion just is idealism and metaphysics. So, all the old philosophy can't surpass and departure religion. But philosophy is not religion anyhow. The theory pursuit and form is very different between philosophy and religion. Though all the old philosophy didn't surpass religion, they didn't lose the nature of philosophy such as pursuit the unification of truth and kind and beauty and logical concept form. Marx's philosophy is not religion, not only because the theory pursuit and form of Marx's philosophy is different from religion, but also Marx's philosophy surpasses religion on ontology. Marx's philosophy is the summit of philosophy. It wipes out philosophy just to make it come true. So, Marx's philosophy is not religion, it didn't need religion as its supplement.The revolutionary that Marxism opened in human intellectual history is multi-angle. Marxism opens up new theory tradition in all humanities. Marx sets up practice ontology to lay a foundation to study religion, but he focuses on studying plutonomy, so, he discussed religion poorly. As the co-founder of Marxism, Engels's core philosophy idea is practice ontology. His achievement on religion philosophy and religion history enriches Marxism religion idea. The second international thinkers, such as Lafage and Kautsky and Plekhanov, didn't understand practice ontology accurately. So, their theory is not scientific. But they shared the theory tradition of historical materialism, their view about religion added treasure to Marxism. Lenin is the qualified successor of practice ontology. He always studies theory and guides practice in the junction of theory and practice. His thought is smartly dialectic. His view and policy on religion always bases on present reality and services revolution and construction. So, studying Lenin's view of religion needs to connect the reality. If not connect the reality to exaggerate special judgment, theory mistakes will be produced. Western Marxists such as Lukacs and Gramsci study religion based on new reality and lead to some valuable judgment. The Frankfurt school thinkers such as Horkheimer and Fromm and Habermas try to fuse the other ideological resources and Marxism to study religion. Chinese Marxists make Marxism religion idea sinicize to service revolutionary and construction. Modern Chinese Marxism naturely comes back to the theory tradition of practice ontology which begins at the discussion of truth criterion to sure the accuracy of studying religion. All of these views constituted the strongly theory tradition of Marxism religion idea. This theory tradition is very useful to study religion and deal with religion affairs.