A Study Of The Main Social Problems In Chahar Area During The Republic Of China

Social problems have always been an important part of the study of social history and the focus of scholars' attention.In this essay,Chahar is chosen as the research area,and the main social problems in the Chahar area during the Republic of China—bandits,famines and Huidaomen sects are as research subjects.The related research results at home and abroad are used for reference and analysis.Multi-disciplinary research methods combining literature,history,sociology of deviance,politics and law are adopted.What's more,the essay is developed from the perspective of the regional social history during the social transformation and study the background and occurrence regularity of the bandits,famine and superstitious sects in Chahar area during the Republic of China.This essay analyzes the social impact and the government's response and governance,and draws the convincing and worthwhile conclusionsThe paper consists of three parts:an introduction,the body part and conclusions.The introduction sketches the framework of the essay from the aspects of the significance of the topic,the review of academic history,the definition of the concept,the research methods,and the evaluation of historical materials.The body part is divided into four chapters.The first chapter discusses the reclamation and the change of society structure in the Chahar area in the modern time.From the Qing dynasty to the the beginning of the Republic,because of the famines,the war and the poverty,many people came to the Chahar area from the province of Zhili,Shanxi and Shandong,and so on.The large quantity of reclamation led to the essential changes of society structure in the Chahar area.The changes of society structure included the change of the envioment,nation structure and population structure,social order and folk faith.At the same time,the negative effects followed with the change turned into the hidden dangers of social problems.The second chapter studies the bandit problem in the Chahar area during the Republic of China.As a serious social problem,Chahar banditry was always a problem during the Republic of China.Social and political factors,physical and geographical factors,personal psychological factors and the social characteristics of immigrants in Chahar region contributed to the rise of bandits.Chahar banditry had its own characteristics,such as serious disasters of wars,making no distinction between solders and bandits,and the disturbance of the bandits from neighbor provinces.Chahar banditry resulted in losing huge property and economy,delaying the Chahar social and economic development,deepening the poverty in rural area,hurting the hearts of the people and exacerbating the social disorder.In the face of the rampant banditry,the successive governments of the Republic of China mainly adopted the policy of combining suppressing them and pacifying them at the same time,which achieved some results.To fight for the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,the government of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border area and the Eighth Route Army adopted the strategy of taking bandits in and recognizing them,cracking down and annihilating bandits who served as traitors and attacked the anti-Japanese armed forces led by the Chinese Communist Party.People in Chahar area were forced to organize and participate in militia,Business groups,Village Union in mid Hebei province,Red Spear Association and other self-defense organizations.Catholic priests also contributed themselves to the governance of bandits.Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China,and under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the North China Bureau,the Chahar Provincial Party Committee and the government adhered to the principle of"combining military suppression with political disintegration".In addition,they fully relied on and mobilized the masses.After seven years of arduous struggle against bandits,the banditry in the Chahar area was completely eradicated.The third chapter discusses the famine problem in Chahar area during the Republic of China.As one of the serious social problems,the famine in Chahar area during the period of the Republic of China showed the characteristics of a high frequency of disasters,many types of disasters,and prominent features of renewal.Among a number of natural disasters,drought flood and hail disasters were the worst ones which present the clear seasonal characteristics.Research shows that the natural disasters happened in the Chahar Province during the Republic of China Period was caused by both the natural factors and social factors.The severe natural disasters caused such enormous loss of life and property that a number of victims was forced to die or escape,which caused a new recession of rural economy and sharpened social turmoil in the Chahar Province.The frequent natural disasters also led to the sharp increasing of the folk religion activities.As for famine policy,Northern Warlords Government only focused on temporary solution,but Nanjing Government took measures both from its root cause&symptoms.Nanjing Government highly regarded the water conservancy project construction and the Scientific Use of water conservancy science,and actively promoting the new aid of Agriculture.The Red Cross Society of China,Chinese-Foreign Famine Relief Committee and the World Red Swastika Society as a representative of the social organizations carried out a positive relief and made important contribution in Chahar area.Facing the famine,the government of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border China led by the Communist Party of China,on the one hand,mobilize various aspects of strength to succor,on the other hand,actively organized victims to start over the self-help production projects,"Baomiao" and "Baotian" movement,and infensity water-contral project vigorously.For one thing,the government propose people to struggle with all kinds of enemies at home at abroad with arms,for another thing,to fight against all kinds of natural disasters with farm tools to through the famine.The forth chapter explores the problem of Huidaomen sects in Charhar area during the Republic of China.Since the beginning of the Republic of China,the secretive anathema metamorphosed into the Huidaomen sects.The development of the Huidaomen sects in Chahar is the result formed by the multiplicity of social policy,natural disasters and mental culture and so on.Peking government and Nanjing National Government couldn't always publish the complete legal to harness the Huidaomen sects,so that it was increasingly serious as a social problem.In the special social environment of the Republic of China,the believers of superstitious sects in the Chahar area even increased to hundreds of thousands,and almost ten kinds of will,taoism and society pervade the central town and remote countryside in the Chahar area.And i-kuan-tao as the representative of Huidaomen sects not only accumulates wealth wantonly by unfair means in different ways,but shows its political tendence and the speculation in the real life,playing positively up to the Japanese and other reactionary forces.These phenomena tend to reactionary forces in the most extent in the late Republic of China.Around the founding of the PRC,the Huidaomen sects in the Chahar area is hostile to the new regime and manufacture all kinds of rumors.Even more,it permeate some important information to the basic people's regime as well as party organization.What's more,it breaks up the social order,impedes the progress of the society and leads to exposure of the reactionary nature.In view of the antisociaolity of the Huidaomen sects.Around the founding of the PRC,under the leadership of the CPC central committee and North China Bureau,Chahar carried out the movement of banning the Huidaomen sects and suppressing counter-revolutionaries and solving the problem by the way of movement type governance,which won a complete victory,so the Huidaomen sects were fundamentally soluted.The strong leadership of the CPC is the basic guarantee of banning the Huidaomen sects.The correct strategy is an important prerequisite of banning the Huidaomen sects.Mobilizing and relying the masses,following the mass lines are the principles and policies of the Party.All of these are precious historical experience which the history left us.