Order, Inclusion And Redistribution Of Power

The main task of this dissertation is to study the reasons, strategies as well as effects of state's political integration of private entrepreneurs based on the theory of party adaptability and corporatism. This dissertation study how the state integrates private entrepreneurs into party-state system since 1990 s to avoid the situation that the group becomes independent and even opposed force.This dissertation holds the view that the the establishment and consolidation of CCP's leadership is the clue to understand the evolution of contemporary Chinese politics. The political revolution which was led by CCP ended fragmented order and set up the centralized political order of single party's rule and started modernization which was guided by the state. Modernization demands political order as well as political stability, however, modernization itself is the force that challenge political order and weaken political authority. This paradox shows the relation among reform,development and stability in China. Market-oriented reform produces pluralism in the field of economy and society and the social differentiation resulted from pluralism threat the political order under party-state system which may shake party-state's power monopoly. The principle of Chinese politics is to strengthen the Party's governance ability and its influence on economic and social fields. The private entrepreneurs which are rise in the market-oriented reforms are relatively independent force, and the Party's integration of this group is the inevitable choice to maintain and consolidate the political order of CCP's governance.This dissertation holds the view that the strategies of state's integration of private entrepreneurs divided into categories: one is based on regime organizations and other is based on chamber of commerce. Organization is the carrier of power networks, it is the network by which the state implements its horizontal and vertical control on the society. Adaptive changes of national ideology legitimize private business as well as private entrepreneurs which provides the prerequisite for political integration.Openness of regime organization makes private entrepreneur have the opportunity to join the Party and political arrange which is based on political loyalty, economic ability as well as social prestige makes some influential entrepreneur have the opportunity to enter NPC and CPPCC. Party building in private enterprises makes development and penetration of party organization come true. When the private sector grows along with further development of market economy, the state constructcorporation connection through guild chamber of commerce. Chamber of commerce gathers owners of business and acts as bridge and like between state and private entrepreneurs which is important field of state's integration. The generation and regulation of business associations present the characteristics of corporatism which assume the responsibility to discipline and represent entrepreneurs in state's political integration. The reform of business associations' separation from executive organizations does not mean the guild and chamber of commerce which act as the bridge between state and business man have the independent space. Because the state strengthens the party organizations' coverage of business associations,party's power fills the power vacuum that led by executive power's retreat and state maintains its control on business associations.Under the state's integration strategy, such business associations are difficult to become the symbol of civil society and in turn become the foundation of democratization.This dissertation holds the view that party-state's integration of private entrepreneurs produce important influence and achieve power's redistribution.Political integration deepens the split within the private entrepreneurs and increases the difficulty of their collective action. Political integration enhances state's control over the private sector as well as private entrepreneurs. Political integration constructs cooperative and mutually embedded state-society relations. Political integration enhances the polity's inclusion, the regime's legitimacy and the Party's adaptability and promotes party-system's stability and durability. The strategies of integration realize redistribution of state power and these strategies challenge modernization theory.In addition, under integration strategies, private entrepreneurs obtain more opportunities of participation, and it correspondingly reduced political space of other social strata resulting in unequal participation opportunities and policy structure. The combination of capital and power enhances the dominance of capital and has negative impact on state autonomy and corruption.In contemporary China, the disappearance of national capitalists and rise of private entrepreneurs are deeply influenced by political power. Private entrepreneurs' participation is the product of state's integration and the result of state's initiative of openness. Their political status is imparting and the political space as well as the way of their political activities have been absorb into the party-state's political structure.