| Global climate change is a hot content to which the academic community attaches great importance,and the research on climate change during the Ming Qing Little Ice Age is an important part of the content.Former scholars have conducted more researches on climate change during the Ming Qing Little Ice Age,but this paper is quite different from previous researches in terms of research perspective,research idea and concrete research content.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the temporal distribution,grade and cause of climate events in the central and eastern parts of North China during the period of Ming and Qing dynasties,unveil the climate changes reflected in drought,flood and cold events and identify the damages that climate events caused to the ecological system at that time and harm caused to the society due to the ecological change events.This paper is not only of important scientific significance to the understanding of three kinds of climate events in the central and eastern parts of North China during the period of Ming and Qing dynasties as well as the damages of climate events to the ecological system,but of practical significance to preventing the harms of climate events to the society.This paper mainly uses the historical document data collection method,the historical comparison method that infers the past based on current situation and the field investigation method to research the droughts,floods and cold events in the central and eastern regions of North China(Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,Henan and Shandong)during the period of Ming and Qing dynasties,and also researches the climate changes indicated by climate changes and the ecological effect incurred.The specific research of this paper mainly discusses the number,intensity and duration of three kinds of climate events,and analyzes the relationship between the intensity of winter and summer monsoons and climate events.The precipitation of some years in some drought and flood events is quantitatively restored to determine climate changes.The extreme minimum temperature in some cold events is also quantitatively restored to reveal the cold degree of cold events.The ecosystem upheaval in Shanxi and central and eastern regions of North China due to the serious drought at the beginning of the reign of Guangxu is studied in this paper,as well as the migration and gathering of wolf packs and the ecological effect occurred in the end of the serious drought in Shaanxi and Shanxi at the beginning of the reign of Guangxu.In addition,this paper also researches the competition in food and other resources between major consumers due to the serious drought in North China during the reign of Chongzhen.Following conclusions are obtained through research.(1)A total of 25 drought events occurred in the central and eastern regions of North China during the Ming and Qing dynasties,totaling 107 drought years.The drought events were mainly concentrated in two periods of 1581?1641 and 1773?1878.Great and serious drought years were frequent in late Ming and Qing dynasties and more drought events were found in middle and late Ming and Qing dynasties which were distributed evenly,while less drought events were seen in early and middle Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty.Qing dynasty saw more drought years than Ming dynasty,during which the degree of drought was high.In addition,there were 51 warm-dry years and 56 cold-dry years in the research area during Ming and Qing dynasties,and there is no significant difference between the two in quantity.Each drought event was a short dry period.The longer dry period were 1773?1787,1791?1814,1824?1838,and 1846?1870.(2)A total of 32 flood events occurred in the research area during the period of Ming and Qing dynasties,totaling 157 flood years.The flood events were mainly concentrated in six time frames of 1390?1448,1530?1577,1592?1632,1645?1669,1725?1757 and 1882?1898,which concentrated in the middle and late Ming dynasty and early and middle Qing dynasty.The flood events during Ming and Qing dynasties were relatively even in temporal distribution with similar number of flood years.Qing dynasty witnessed more great and severe flood events than Ming dynasty.There were a total of 60 cold-wet years and 97 warm-wet years,which can be seen that the number of warm-wet years is greatly more than that of cold-wet years.Each flood event was a short wet period,and the longer wet period were 1390?1432,1530?1559,1645?1685,1725?1739,and 1882?1898.(3)A total of 27 cold events occurred in the research area during Ming and Qing dynasties,totaling 233 years.The cold events were mainly concentrated in five time frames of 1547?1558,1585?1606,1652?1697,1774?1797 and 1860?1903.Each cold event was a short cold period.The five periods were long cold periods.In addition,Qing dynasty saw more cold years than Ming dynasty and more severe cold events.The temperature of the cold events in the research area during Ming and Qing Dynasties is quantitatively studied.Icing in Henan section of the Yellow River during Ming and Qing dynasties requires that the daily average temperature shall be below 0? and the minimum daily temperature for several days shall be below-10?.The temperature is reduced to at least-3?-4? when the blossom is frozen to death in spring.The temperature is reduced to at least-6.4? when wheat is severely frozen,and that is reduced to-10? when many plants are frozen to death.As the temperature maintains at about-20 ? for a longer time,the seawater can freeze over a large area,and the extreme minimum temperature during seawater icing is generally within-20?-30?.(4)Through the quantitative study of the persistent precipitation in the drought events,it can be found that some areas became arid while some areas became semi-arid during the persistent great drought events in the research area during Ming and Qing dynasties.During severe droughts,most areas became arid,some became extremely arid(desert)and some became semi-arid.(5)Through the quantitative study of the persistent precipitation in the flood events,it can be found that some areas became semi-humid from semi-arid while some areas became humid during the persistent great flood events in the research area during Ming and Qing dynasties.During the persistent severe flood events,most areas became humid.(6)Through the research on changes in the intensity of winter and summer monsoons at the time of climate events,it can be found that cold events are frequent in case of several continuous years with extremely strong,strong or relatively strong winter monsoon;flood events are frequent in case of several continuous years with extremely strong,strong or relatively strong summer monsoons;drought events are frequent in case of several continuous years with extremely weak,weak or relatively weak summer monsoon.(7)It is generally possible to find a time frame with a relatively stable climate within the small time range of 10y years and 20 years.Within the concrete dry,wet,cold and warm time frames in the research area during Ming and Qing dynasties,each time frame is mostly less than 20 years.With regard to concrete warm-dry,cold-dry,cold-wet and warm-wet time frames,each frame is 2 years at least and 9 years at most.In fact,it is more accurate to determine a relatively stable climate period within a small range.Only a few climate events of the same type concentrated in a period will generate a longer time frame with a relatively stable climate.(8)The climate in the central and eastern regions of North China throughout Ming and Qing dynasties was wet and dry,while that after 1453 was warm and cold.The climate in the research area during Ming and Qing dynasties was fluctuant and unstable,belonging to the climate dominated by semi-arid and semi-humid and alternate with cold and warm,which is characterized by greatly fluctuant arid,semi-arid,semi-humid and wet.(9)The severe drought at the beginning of the reign of Guangxu caused a drastic change to the ecosystem in Shanxi and the central and eastern regions of North China.During the drastic change,abnormal changes have taken place in producers,consumers and decomposers,especially the environment with the breeding of the epidemic microbes caused a mass mortality in the ecosystem.The extreme arid climate caused by the unusually weakened summer monsoon activities is the root cause of the drastic ecosystem change.As special consumers,the extreme survival behavior of human beings deepens the ecological drastic change.(10)At the end of the severe drought occurred at the beginning of the reign of Guangxu,the great gathering and abnormal activities of wolf packs were found in the central and southern parts of Shanxi and middle part of Shaanxi.The reason for the migration of wolf packs lies in the shortage of food in the grasslands due to the drought.The main reason for the great gathering of wolf packs in Shaanxi and Shanxi lies in the large number of human and animal bodies in the area during the drought.During the drought,the wolves ate up many human and animal bodies,slowing the prevalence of plague and accelerating the rate of ecological restoration.(11)During the reign of Chongzhen,the successive years of drought caused major changes in the ecosystem in the northern regions.As a group of consumers in the ecosystem at that time,there was an abnormality in their behavior.During the drought,there was a serious shortage of food and other resources in most regions,during which it was frequently seen that people competed for food and other resources.The serious shortage of food and the reduction of food substitutes are the objective factors of the competition.Armed conflicts due to the competition destroyed the natural habitats and also led to the mass mortality of consumer subjects,easing the pressure on the ecological environment.In addition,the competition saved the subjects of labor force at that time,but also led to social unrest and gradually made the society orderly. |
PDF Full Text Request