| The characterizations of particulate matter emitted from pollution source are important basic data for pollutant emission inventory,particulate matter source apportionment and source-quality response modle research,so to determine these characterizations more comprehensively and accurately is significant for the policy-making in ambinent air particulate matter pollution prevention area more effectively and precisely.The current test method in china is only focus on the in-stack particulate matter for stationary source with the fiberglass thimble used in GB 16157 couldn't meet the requirements for chemical composition analysis and the collected particulate matter couldn't represent the real-world primary particulates emission into the atmosphere.For mobile source,the current test method couldn't acquire the chemical composition yet,but only focus on the emission limit and emission factor for particulate matter.Based on the testing perspective of“Atmospheric Centric Philosophy”,this reaserch aim to improve the particulate matter testing technology syetem for pollution sources,and the sampling devices and determination methods were developed and established,especially applied in real-world,such as coal-fired sources,biomass-fired soueces,natural-gas burning source,cooking sources and mobile sources.With the above efforts,the characterzitions knowledge of condensable particulate matter and fine particulate matter emitted from typical sources were obtaind,in order to provide technical support for fine particulate matter pollution prevention work.The CPM?Condensable Particulate Matter?sampling device and method developed by this research could easily connected to the current FPM sampling device,which means the FPM and CPM testing could be carried out at the same time.The parameter of CPM sampling device was verified and determined with the filed mass-concentration evaluating method:the appropriate minimum residence time is 2.5s.The CPM sampling device was developed based on the above parameter and the consideration of pollution source actual field condition,the determination method of CPM was also established.The dection limit of this method is 0.28mg/m3,and the result tested by the established method is in accordance with EPA M202 method and the precision is better than EPA method.The testing result for typical stationary sources included coal-fired soure,biomass-fired sorce,light oil-fired source and natural gas-fired source showed the average emission mass concentration was 16.0±1.9mg/m3 for FPM,19.0±2.1mg/m3 for CPM,and 35.0±2.7mg/m3 for TPM,respectively.The emission level of CPM couldn't be neglected with the comparative of FPM.The mass contribution of CPM to TPM is 58.0%on average with a range of 41.4%68.3%for different stationary sources.The high-efficiency dust removal device?FF,ESP and WFGD?could efficiently reduce FPM emission but showed insignificant effect on CPM based on the testing result frim different pollutants control devices.The mass contributon of CPM to TPM would rise after high-efficiency dust removal rebuilding project,to which more attention should be paid.The filter contributed 16.2%41.9%to CPM mass while the inorganic component in condesate countirbuted52.3%75.0%,and the organic countirbuted 1.6%8.8%in different stationary sources.The geological material accounts for 30.0%of CPM filter mass from coal-fired sources,and 24.5%for organic,22.0%for sulfate,15.2%for unidentified.The species which have high abundances are SO42-,OC,Al and Ca2+.The SO42-in coal-fried source CPM cendensate has the highest concentration,and the condensate shows acidic based on the the balance of cations and anions examination.The influential factors of simulative effect for dilution sampling system were discussed and the appropriate minimum dilution ratio and residence time were verified and determined based on mass-concentration evaluated method in typical flue gas condition field test,which were 10:1 and 10s,respectively.The SEMC dilution sampling system was developed based on the above parameters with the consideration of applicability,universality,modularity and automatization,and the sampling and analytic method for parriculate matter in stationary source,mobile source and cooking source were established.The performance of SEMC dilution sampler was evaluated and listed as follows:the RSD?Relative Standard Deviation?of real-time dilution ratio during a 120min actual run is 0.51%,the relative error of cumulative sampling volume in standard condition ammong four parallel tunnels based on 18 actual runs are all below 0.1%,and the RD?Relative Deviation?of manss concentration between two parallel Teflon filter tunnels based on 10 actual runs are all below 10%.The pressure drop less than0.2kPa in 30s after vacuum extraction.The PM2.5 mass concentration tested by this system is in accordance with DRI-b sampling system,while the precision is better.The testing result with dilution sampling method for stationary sources showed the average mass concentration of PM2.5.5 is 7.3±0.7 mg/m3 with a range of 1.912.2 mg/m3,while the PM2.5/FPM ratio is 0.64±0.07 with a rage of 0.280.90.The testing results with direct sampling method for cooking source showed the average mass concentration of PM2.5 was between0.3250.693mg/m3,which were about one order of magnitude higher than the corresponding ambient values.The high abundances of SO42-,Ca2+,Al,Ca,Fe,S and OC were found in coal-fired burning source profile,and the high abundances of K+and Cl-in biomass burning source profile.For natural-gas burning source,higher-abundance species are TC and NO3-,and the result of[NO3-]/[SO42-]is 5.7,which is much higher than other stationary source.The high abundance in ship source profile are OC?EC?SO42-and S.Particulate organic matter?POM?was found to be the predominant contributor to cooking-related PM2.5 mass in all the tested restaurants,with a proportion of69.1%to 77.1%.Specifically,80 trace organic compounds were identified and quantified by GC/MS,which accounted for 3.8%–6.5%of the total PM2.5mass.Among the quantified organic compounds,unsaturated fatty acids had the highest concentration,followed by saturated fatty acids.n-Alkanes,polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons?PAHs?,dicarboxylicacids,monosaccharide anhydrides,and sterols had a much lower concentration compared with fatty acids.Oleic acid was the most abundant single organic compound in both SCS and ITS.As for SHS,however,linoleic acid was the richest one.The evaluation of CD?coefficient of divergence?between different sources showed impresseive differences exsited in coal-fired source,but the CD was smaller direved from the same samling device and method.The combustion type had great influce on source profile for biomass-burning source,and the natural-gas fired source profile showed significant difference from other profiles.The difference of source profiles in Chinese catering was smaller than western catering.Considering the big difference between different sources,it is necessary to stablish local source profiles with normalized devices and methods. |
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