Study On The Chemical Composition, Risk Assessment And Emission Inventory Establishment For Hazardous Components In Particulate Matter From Atmospheirc Pollution Sources

Chemical compositions of particulate matter （PM） emitted from atmosphericpollution sources are the base of receptor models. The more specific and accuracy ofthe source characteristic, the more reliable source apportionment results foratmospheric PM could be obtained. Now the data about source profiles were out ofdate and the information associated with source markers was still limited. The reasonlied on the limitation of source sampling methods. Current source profiles for PMmostly can not reflect the real emission of combustion sources to the atmosphere.Recently, the impact of hazardous and toxic air pollutants emitted from combustionsources on the environment received wide attention. The emission factors （EFs） datais one of key factors for the accuracy of corresponding emission inventories. For thestudies in China, the EFs were mostly referred to foreign literatures which may biasthe emission inventory results. Therefore, adopting the sampling system which couldcollect the real PM to be emitted into the air and obtaining the emissionconcentrations, mass percentages, source markers, emission factors, etc of chemicalcomponents in PM are of significant scientific and practical meaning.Firstly, this study established the inorganic chemical components and PAHsprofiles for TSP, PM₁₀and PM_2.5fractions of soil dust, road dust and resuspended dust.The contents of chemical species, profile composition, markers and specific elementaland PAHs ratios were compared among different size of particles and different typesof dust. Results obtained here could be used in other source apportionment studies.Meanwhile, the environment and human health risks related with heavy meatls andPAHs in dusts were assessed. Secondly, the paper obtained inorganic chemicalcomponents and PAHs profiles for PM₁₀and PM_2.5fractions of stationary sourceswith dilution sampling system. The contents of chemical species, profile composition,markers and specific elemental and PAHs ratios were updated. Thirdly, by dilutionsampling system, this research also studied the inorganic chemical components andPAHs profiles for PM₁₀and PM_2.5fractions of two diesel engines and obtained theinfluence of engine operating paramaters on the emission of chemical components.Then the contents of chemical species, profile composition, markers and specificelemental and PAHs ratios of PM₁₀and PM_2.5emitted from vehicles running on realroad with different loads, fuel types, running time scales and vehicle types were investigated. Fourthly, the contents of chemical species, profile composition, markersand specific elemental and PAHs ratios of PM₁₀and PM_2.5emitted from straw, wood,honey coal and raw coal burning were detected. At each section, we analyzed theanion/cation, NO₃^-/SO₄^2-and OC/EC ratios which may stimulate related studies incorresponding fields like the analysis of acid-neutralization ability of PM, sourceapportionment of PM and source identification of secondary carbonic aerosol. At last,according to self-detected EFs for carbonic components, heavy metals and PAHs andinformation about activity levels, this paper established the emission inventories forthese hazardous species in PM_2.5for the year of2009or2010in China. This is thefirst study which established emission inventories for the species in PM_2.5.The main conclusions were:（1） resuspension chamber sampling and dilutionsampling were the effective methods to study fugitive dust and combustion sourcesrespectively which should be improved and used more widely in other studies;（2） themass concentrations of PM_2.5and PM₁₀emitted from combustion sources were0.21-503.3mg/m3and0.41-869.2mg/m3, with the highest concentrations for domesticraw coal combustion;（3） Al, Ca, Fe, Si, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, OC and EC were always theabundant species for combustion sources and there existed diversities of the contentsfor them from different sources;（4） the anion/cation ratio analysis indicated PMemitted from most combustion sources were acid, excepted for the PM from cornstraw burning and several running situations for diesel cars;（5） the NO₃^-/SO₄^2-ratioswere always less than1and the OC/EC values were always higher than2for PMemitted from combustion sources. Therefore, to identify the importance of stationarysources and vehicle emission for atmospheric PM, the NO₃^-/SO₄^2-ratio should be usedwith caution. It is the same for adopting OC/EC>2to identify the existence ofsecondary carbonic aerosol;（6） specific elemental ratios-Cu/Sb、As/V、Ni/V、Zn/Pband Zn/Cd exhibited obvious difference for different types of combustion sources andbetween the two fractions of particles, so local data should be used in sourceapportionment studies and the diversities between size of particles should also beconsidered;（7） coefficient of divergence values implied that source profiles of PMwere different for various combustion sources, especially for the fine particles. Localsources profiles of PM should be established and updated timely;（8） the massconcentrations of PAHs, the contents of abundant PAHs, ring distribution, toxicity,markers, specific PAHs ratios, etc in PM₁₀and PM_2.5were different for varioussources and the two size of particles. All these data are needed to be established and updated timely;（9） the EFs for OC, EC, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pband PAHs in PM₁₀and PM_2.5were obtained for six types of stationary sources, sixtypes of vehicles and four kinds of domestic fuels burning and the uncertainty of EFswere analyzed which could be used in establishing emission inventories of hazardousair pollutants for China.