| Man-Land relationships is the core of geography research propositions,especially for China,nearly 40 years,coupling high speed economic and social development and high intensity resource development with the country space with seriously insufficient carrying capacity brings the frequent conflicts in man-land relationships.Especially for the rural areas of the loess plateau,due to the overlapping of the inherent fragile natural ecosystem and long-term inappropriate human activities,soil erosion,ecological environment deterioration,slow development of rural economy and poverty of farmers have been concerned by the government departments and academic institutions.In recent years,the socio-ecological systems and resilience thinking derived from the systems ecology theory and complexity theory provide us with a theoretical framework to re-examine the sustainable development of human-earth coupled systems.Based on this,this paper selects Changwu County in Shaanxi Province,a typical rural area in loess plateau,as an example.According to the research idea of "theoretical framework construction-regional system evolution process and characteristics-system external disturbance factor identification and effect analysis-resilience evaluation at different scales,influence factor analysis,influence mechanism analysis-elevation path and countermeasures",the paper is expanded.First,on the basis of clarifying the concept of socio-ecological systems and resilience and the research progress at domestic and abroad,the social-ecosystem resilience of the study area is deconstructed into two dimensions: the resilience of rural communities and the resilience of farmer households' livelihood.Secondly,describe the evolution process and characteristics of local socio-ecological systems since 1940,and accurately identify the external disturbance factors and effect of system operation based on the perspective of land use change.Thirdly,the restoration level and spatial and temporal pattern change of local rural communities were evaluated from the four dimensions of nature,society,economy and regime to clarify the influencing factors of community resilience and its influencing mechanism.Fourth,combining the sustainable livelihood framework with the theory of livelihood resilience.Based on the three dimensions of buffering ability,self-organization ability and learning ability,the differences of livelihood resilience of different types of farmers and their impact on livelihood results are analyzed,and the influencing factors of livelihood resilience and the dynamic mechanism of evolution are identified.Finally,the methods and strategies for improving resilience were proposed from the perspectives of communities and farmers.It is expected to provide theoretical basis and decision support for local sustainable development and improvement of farmers' welfare.The main research conclusions are as follows:(1)As a specific type of social-ecosystem,the internal composition structure and the flow of factors between the systems of the rural social-ecological systems lead to the continuous changes of the system state with the changes of the types and modes of the external disturbance factors.The local socio-ecological system experienced three stages: slow rural development(1949-1978)~ adjustment of rural development(1978-1990)~ rapid rural development(1990-present).Rural economic development and industrial restructuring,major national ecological protection policies,urbanization and population growth are the three major disturbance factors that local socio-ecological systems have been facing since 1990.(2)Social-ecological systems resilience has multi-scale effects.As the most basic independent unit of rural social-ecosystem,the change level of community resilience and its influencing factors can reflect and feedback through chaos to form the regional social-ecosystem resilience.First of all,since 1990,the main influencing factors of local community resilience level have changed significantly,from the leading type of natural elements to the leading type of institutional construction.Secondly,the change path of the primary influencing factor since 1990 is: NDVI--comprehensive land use dynamic attitude--the proportion of the second industry.Finally,under the background of macro disturbance,the change of micro external disturbance factor is the direct reason of the change of community resilience.The change of time series of barriers in the dimension of community resilience is the intrinsic motivation of the level and pattern of rural community resilience.Response action is the potential thrust of the next disturbance.(3)The rural household is the most basic unit composed of the elements of rural societyecological systems,and also the smallest division unit.Its level of livelihood resilience and its change motivation and mechanism can accurately characterize the risk resistance,environmental adaptability and adjustment and development ability of farmers in the process of sustainable livelihood development.Firstly,as a whole,the level of livelihood resilience decreases successively from farmer households with higher level of livelihood diversity to those with lower level,and the difference in livelihood resilience among farmer households was significant.The main obstacle factors of livelihood resilience of different types of farmer households were pure farmer households(farmland environment condition),agriculture-dependent famer households(household labor force level),off-farm dependent farmer households(family member health condition),and off-farm farmer households(household head education degree),on the whole,there is a change trend from family natural capital to family overall human capital to family leader human capital.Secondly,the level of livelihood resilience of farmer households has positive effects on life satisfaction and future life expectation,but both of them show that the promoting effect on life satisfaction is gradually weakened with the increase of non-agricultural activities.Finally,the different combination patterns and periodic changes of external disturbance profoundly affect the household capital stock and composition structure.The level of household capital stock and its organizational structure are the key driving forces that affect the livelihood resilience of farmers and the development of livelihood strategies.The improvement of household resilience is an effective method to mitigate the deterioration of livelihood results caused by livelihood risk.The increase in the level of participation in off-farm household activities is a key factor that affects the resilience of livelihood and weakens the impact on future livelihood outcomes. |
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